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Initial commit - 611 cybersecurity skills across all subdomains
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# Standards Reference: Insecure Data Storage in Mobile
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## OWASP Mobile Top 10 2024 Mapping
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| OWASP ID | Risk | Data Storage Relevance |
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|----------|------|----------------------|
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| M1 | Improper Credential Usage | Hardcoded credentials in SharedPreferences, plists, databases |
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| M6 | Inadequate Privacy Controls | PII stored unencrypted, accessible via backup extraction |
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| M8 | Security Misconfiguration | allowBackup=true, world-readable files, missing encryption |
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| M9 | Insecure Data Storage | Primary focus: all local storage vulnerabilities |
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| M10 | Insufficient Cryptography | Weak encryption of local databases, hardcoded keys |
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## OWASP MASVS v2.0 - MASVS-STORAGE Controls
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| Control | Description | Test Method |
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|---------|-------------|-------------|
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| MASVS-STORAGE-1 | App securely stores sensitive data | Inspect SharedPreferences, keychain, databases |
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| MASVS-STORAGE-2 | App prevents sensitive data leakage | Check logs, clipboard, backups, screenshots |
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## NIST SP 800-163 Rev 1 - Mobile App Vetting
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- Section 4.3.1: Data storage analysis for sensitive information at rest
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- Section 4.3.2: Verification of encryption implementation for stored data
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- Section 5.2: Data protection requirements for enterprise mobile apps
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## CWE Mappings
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| CWE ID | Title | Storage Type |
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|--------|-------|-------------|
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| CWE-312 | Cleartext Storage of Sensitive Information | SharedPreferences, plists, SQLite |
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| CWE-316 | Cleartext Storage in Memory | Process memory, clipboard |
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| CWE-359 | Exposure of Private Personal Information | PII in unencrypted databases |
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| CWE-522 | Insufficiently Protected Credentials | Passwords in SharedPreferences |
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| CWE-532 | Information Exposure Through Log Files | Sensitive data in logcat/syslog |
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| CWE-921 | Storage of Sensitive Data in Unprotected Mechanism | External storage, world-readable |
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| CWE-922 | Insecure Storage of Sensitive Information | General insecure storage |
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## Android Keystore Best Practices
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| Practice | Secure | Insecure |
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|----------|--------|----------|
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| Key storage | Android Keystore (hardware-backed) | Hardcoded in APK or SharedPreferences |
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| Database encryption | SQLCipher with Keystore-derived key | Unencrypted SQLite |
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| Shared Preferences | EncryptedSharedPreferences (Jetpack) | MODE_PRIVATE without encryption |
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| File encryption | AES-256-GCM with Keystore key | Plaintext files in internal storage |
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## iOS Data Protection Classes
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| Class | When Accessible | Use Case |
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|-------|----------------|----------|
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| NSFileProtectionComplete | Only when unlocked | Highly sensitive data |
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| NSFileProtectionCompleteUnlessOpen | While open/unlocked | Files written in background |
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| NSFileProtectionCompleteUntilFirstUserAuthentication | After first unlock | Background-accessible data |
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| NSFileProtectionNone | Always | Non-sensitive cached data |
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# Workflows: Exploiting Insecure Data Storage in Mobile
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## Workflow 1: Android Data Storage Assessment
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```
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[Install & exercise app] --> [Root/ADB access] --> [Extract internal storage]
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+------------------+------------------+
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| | |
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[SharedPreferences] [SQLite DBs] [File system]
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[Grep for secrets] [Open & query] [Check permissions]
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[Check encryption] [Check SQLCipher] [External storage]
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+------------------+------------------+
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[Backup extraction]
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[ADB backup test]
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[Memory analysis]
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[Logcat review]
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[Report findings]
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```
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## Workflow 2: iOS Data Storage Assessment
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```
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[Install & exercise app] --> [Jailbreak/Objection] --> [Extract sandbox data]
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+------------------+------------------+
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[Keychain dump] [Plist analysis] [SQLite DBs]
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[Protection class] [NSUserDefaults] [Core Data]
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[Access control] [Sensitive values] [Encryption check]
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+------------------+------------------+
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[Backup inclusion check]
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[Memory string search]
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[Clipboard monitoring]
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[Report findings]
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```
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## Decision Matrix: Data Storage Risk
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| Storage Mechanism | Encrypted | Access Restricted | Backup Excluded | Risk Level |
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|-------------------|-----------|-------------------|-----------------|------------|
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| SharedPreferences (plaintext) | No | App-only | No | CRITICAL |
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| EncryptedSharedPreferences | Yes | App-only | Depends | LOW |
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| SQLite (no SQLCipher) | No | App-only | No | HIGH |
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| SQLCipher (key in code) | Yes* | App-only | No | MEDIUM |
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| Android Keystore | Yes | Hardware-backed | N/A | LOW |
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| iOS Keychain (kSecAttrAccessibleAlways) | Yes | Always accessible | N/A | MEDIUM |
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| iOS Keychain (complete protection) | Yes | When unlocked only | N/A | LOW |
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| External storage | No | World-readable | N/A | CRITICAL |
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