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Add 5 new cybersecurity skills: greenbone vuln mgmt, email compromise detection, MISP sharing, CobaltStrike C2 analysis, registry run key hunting
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mukul975
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MIT License
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Copyright (c) 2025 Mahipal
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Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
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of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
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in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
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to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
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copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
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furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
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The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
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copies or substantial portions of the Software.
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THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
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IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
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FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
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AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
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LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
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OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
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SOFTWARE.
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---
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name: hunting-for-registry-run-key-persistence
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description: Detect MITRE ATT&CK T1547.001 registry Run key persistence by analyzing Sysmon Event ID 13 logs and registry queries to identify malicious auto-start entries.
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domain: cybersecurity
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subdomain: threat-hunting
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tags: [persistence, registry-run-keys, t1547-001, sysmon, threat-hunting, windows-forensics, mitre-attack]
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version: "1.0"
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author: mahipal
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license: Apache-2.0
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---
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# Hunting for Registry Run Key Persistence
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## Overview
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Registry Run keys (T1547.001) are one of the most commonly used persistence mechanisms by adversaries. When a program is added to a Run key in the Windows registry, it executes automatically when a user logs in. Attackers abuse keys under `HKLM\Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Run`, `HKCU\Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Run`, and their RunOnce counterparts to maintain persistence. Sysmon Event ID 13 (RegistryEvent - Value Set) captures registry value modifications including the target object path, the process that made the change, and the new value. Detection involves monitoring these events for suspicious executables in temp directories, encoded PowerShell commands, LOLBin paths, and processes that do not normally create Run key entries. Chaining Event 13 with Event 1 (Process Creation) and Event 11 (FileCreate) strengthens detection by confirming payload creation and execution.
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## Prerequisites
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- Windows systems with Sysmon installed and configured to log Event ID 13
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- Sysmon config with RegistryEvent rules for Run/RunOnce keys
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- Python 3.9+ with `json`, `xml.etree.ElementTree`, `re` modules
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- SIEM or log aggregator collecting Sysmon logs (Splunk, Elastic, Sentinel)
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- Knowledge of legitimate auto-start programs for baseline comparison
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## Steps
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1. Collect Sysmon Event ID 13 logs filtered for Run/RunOnce key paths
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2. Parse event XML/JSON for TargetObject, Details (value written), Image (modifying process)
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3. Flag entries where the value points to temp directories, AppData, or ProgramData
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4. Detect encoded PowerShell commands or script interpreters in registry values
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5. Identify LOLBin abuse (mshta.exe, rundll32.exe, regsvr32.exe, wscript.exe)
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6. Compare against known-good baseline of legitimate auto-start entries
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7. Check if the modifying process (Image) is unusual (cmd.exe, powershell.exe, python.exe)
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8. Chain with Event ID 1 to verify if the registered binary was recently created
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9. Generate detection report with MITRE ATT&CK mapping and severity scores
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10. Produce Sigma/Splunk detection rules from findings
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## Expected Output
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A JSON report listing suspicious Run key entries with the registry path, value written, modifying process, timestamp, MITRE technique mapping, severity rating, and recommended Sigma detection rules.
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# Registry Run Key Persistence (T1547.001) Detection Reference
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## Sysmon Event ID 13 - RegistryEvent (Value Set)
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### Event Fields
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| Field | Description |
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|-------|-------------|
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| `UtcTime` | Timestamp of registry modification |
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| `ProcessGuid` | Unique process identifier |
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| `Image` | Full path of modifying process |
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| `TargetObject` | Full registry key path + value name |
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| `Details` | New registry value data |
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| `User` | User account context |
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### Registry Paths to Monitor
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```
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HKLM\Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Run
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HKLM\Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\RunOnce
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HKCU\Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Run
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HKCU\Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\RunOnce
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HKLM\Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\RunServices
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HKLM\Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Explorer\Shell Folders
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HKCU\Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Explorer\User Shell Folders
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```
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## Sysmon Configuration
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```xml
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<Sysmon schemaversion="4.90">
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<EventFiltering>
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<RuleGroup name="RegistryPersistence" groupRelation="or">
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<RegistryEvent onmatch="include">
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<TargetObject condition="contains">CurrentVersion\Run</TargetObject>
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<TargetObject condition="contains">CurrentVersion\RunOnce</TargetObject>
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<TargetObject condition="contains">Explorer\Shell Folders</TargetObject>
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</RegistryEvent>
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</RuleGroup>
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</EventFiltering>
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</Sysmon>
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```
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## Splunk Detection Query
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```spl
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index=sysmon EventCode=13
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| where match(TargetObject, "(?i)CurrentVersion\\\\Run")
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| eval suspicious=if(match(Details, "(?i)(temp|appdata|downloads|programdata)"), "yes", "no")
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| where suspicious="yes"
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| stats count by Image, TargetObject, Details, User, host
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```
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## Sigma Rule
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```yaml
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title: Suspicious Run Key Persistence
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status: stable
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logsource:
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product: windows
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category: registry_set
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detection:
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selection:
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EventType: SetValue
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TargetObject|contains: '\CurrentVersion\Run'
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filter_legitimate:
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Details|contains:
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- 'SecurityHealth'
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- 'WindowsDefender'
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condition: selection and not filter_legitimate
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level: medium
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tags:
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- attack.persistence
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- attack.t1547.001
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```
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## Windows Registry Query (reg.exe)
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```cmd
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reg query HKLM\Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Run
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reg query HKCU\Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Run
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reg query HKLM\Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\RunOnce
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reg query HKCU\Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\RunOnce
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```
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## CLI Usage
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```bash
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python agent.py --input sysmon_events.json --output report.json
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python agent.py --input registry_snapshot.json --output report.json
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```
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## MITRE ATT&CK Reference
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- **Technique**: T1547.001 - Boot or Logon Autostart Execution: Registry Run Keys
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- **Tactic**: Persistence
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- **Platforms**: Windows
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- **Detection**: Sysmon Event 13, Windows Security Event 4657
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## References
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- Sysmon Event 13: https://www.ultimatewindowssecurity.com/securitylog/encyclopedia/event.aspx?eventid=90013
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- Splunk Detection: https://research.splunk.com/endpoint/f5f6af30-7aa7-4295-bfe9-07fe87c01a4b/
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- Nextron T1547.001: https://www.nextron-systems.com/2025/07/29/detecting-the-most-popular-mitre-persistence-method-registry-run-keys-startup-folder/
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#!/usr/bin/env python3
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"""Registry Run Key Persistence Hunter - detects T1547.001 persistence via Sysmon Event 13 analysis and registry run key auditing"""
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import argparse
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import json
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import re
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import sys
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from collections import Counter, defaultdict
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from datetime import datetime
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from pathlib import Path
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RUN_KEY_PATHS = [
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r"HKLM\Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Run",
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r"HKLM\Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\RunOnce",
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r"HKCU\Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Run",
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r"HKCU\Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\RunOnce",
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r"HKLM\Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\RunServices",
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r"HKLM\Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\RunServicesOnce",
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r"HKLM\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Explorer\Shell Folders",
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r"HKCU\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Explorer\Shell Folders",
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r"HKLM\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Explorer\User Shell Folders",
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r"HKCU\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Explorer\User Shell Folders",
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]
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SUSPICIOUS_PATHS = [
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r"\\temp\\", r"\\tmp\\", r"\\appdata\\local\\temp",
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r"\\downloads\\", r"\\programdata\\", r"\\public\\",
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r"\\users\\public", r"\\recycler\\", r"\\perflogs\\",
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]
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LOLBINS = [
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"mshta.exe", "rundll32.exe", "regsvr32.exe", "wscript.exe", "cscript.exe",
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"certutil.exe", "bitsadmin.exe", "msiexec.exe", "forfiles.exe",
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"pcalua.exe", "bash.exe", "scriptrunner.exe",
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]
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SUSPICIOUS_MODIFIERS = [
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"cmd.exe", "powershell.exe", "pwsh.exe", "python.exe", "python3.exe",
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"wmic.exe", "reg.exe", "mshta.exe", "cscript.exe", "wscript.exe",
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]
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KNOWN_GOOD_VALUES = [
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"SecurityHealth", "WindowsDefender", "iTunesHelper", "VMware",
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"RealTimeProtection", "OneDrive", "Teams", "Spotify",
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]
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def load_data(path):
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return json.loads(Path(path).read_text(encoding="utf-8"))
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def is_run_key(target_object):
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"""Check if registry path matches Run/RunOnce keys."""
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target_lower = target_object.lower().replace("/", "\\")
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for rk in RUN_KEY_PATHS:
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if rk.lower() in target_lower:
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return True
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return False
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def analyze_sysmon_events(events):
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"""Analyze Sysmon Event ID 13 (RegistryEvent Value Set) for persistence."""
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findings = []
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for evt in events:
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event_id = evt.get("EventID", evt.get("event_id", evt.get("EventCode", 0)))
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if str(event_id) != "13":
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continue
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event_data = evt.get("EventData", evt)
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target_obj = event_data.get("TargetObject", event_data.get("target_object", ""))
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details = event_data.get("Details", event_data.get("details", event_data.get("value", "")))
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image = event_data.get("Image", event_data.get("image", event_data.get("process", "")))
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user = event_data.get("User", event_data.get("user", ""))
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timestamp = evt.get("TimeCreated", evt.get("timestamp", evt.get("UtcTime", "")))
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if not is_run_key(target_obj):
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continue
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severity = "medium"
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indicators = []
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details_lower = (details or "").lower()
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for susp_path in SUSPICIOUS_PATHS:
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if susp_path.lower() in details_lower:
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severity = "high"
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indicators.append(f"suspicious_path:{susp_path.strip(chr(92))}")
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break
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for lolbin in LOLBINS:
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if lolbin.lower() in details_lower:
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severity = "high"
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indicators.append(f"lolbin:{lolbin}")
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break
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if "powershell" in details_lower and ("-enc" in details_lower or "-e " in details_lower or "encodedcommand" in details_lower):
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severity = "critical"
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indicators.append("encoded_powershell")
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if re.search(r"(FromBase64|IEX|Invoke-Expression|DownloadString|Net\.WebClient)", details or "", re.IGNORECASE):
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severity = "critical"
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indicators.append("malicious_powershell_pattern")
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image_name = (image or "").split("\\")[-1].lower()
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for susp_mod in SUSPICIOUS_MODIFIERS:
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if susp_mod.lower() == image_name:
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severity = max(severity, "high", key=lambda x: {"low": 0, "medium": 1, "high": 2, "critical": 3}[x])
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indicators.append(f"suspicious_modifier:{susp_mod}")
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break
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value_name = target_obj.split("\\")[-1] if "\\" in target_obj else target_obj
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is_known_good = any(kg.lower() in value_name.lower() for kg in KNOWN_GOOD_VALUES)
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if is_known_good:
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severity = "low"
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indicators.append("known_good_match")
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findings.append({
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"type": "registry_run_key_persistence",
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"severity": severity,
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"resource": target_obj,
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"detail": f"Run key set by {image_name or 'unknown'}: {(details or '')[:120]}",
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"mitre_technique": "T1547.001",
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"mitre_tactic": "Persistence",
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"modifying_process": image,
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"registry_value": details,
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"user": user,
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"timestamp": timestamp,
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"indicators": indicators,
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})
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return findings
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def analyze_registry_snapshot(entries):
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"""Analyze a static registry snapshot for suspicious Run key values."""
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findings = []
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for entry in entries:
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key_path = entry.get("key", entry.get("path", ""))
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value_name = entry.get("name", entry.get("value_name", ""))
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value_data = entry.get("data", entry.get("value_data", entry.get("value", "")))
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if not is_run_key(key_path) and not any(rk.lower().split("\\")[-1] in key_path.lower() for rk in RUN_KEY_PATHS[:4]):
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continue
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severity = "medium"
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indicators = []
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data_lower = (value_data or "").lower()
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for susp_path in SUSPICIOUS_PATHS:
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if susp_path.lower() in data_lower:
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severity = "high"
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indicators.append(f"suspicious_path")
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break
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for lolbin in LOLBINS:
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if lolbin.lower() in data_lower:
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severity = "high"
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indicators.append(f"lolbin:{lolbin}")
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break
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if not Path(value_data.strip('"').split(" ")[0]).suffix.lower() in (".exe", ".dll", ".bat", ".cmd", ".ps1", ".vbs", ".js", ".hta", ".scr", ".com", ""):
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pass
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is_known = any(kg.lower() in (value_name or "").lower() for kg in KNOWN_GOOD_VALUES)
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if is_known:
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severity = "low"
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findings.append({
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"type": "run_key_entry",
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"severity": severity,
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"resource": f"{key_path}\\{value_name}",
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"detail": f"Value: {(value_data or '')[:120]}",
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"mitre_technique": "T1547.001",
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"indicators": indicators,
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})
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return findings
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def generate_sigma_rule(finding):
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"""Generate a Sigma detection rule from a finding."""
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details = finding.get("registry_value", finding.get("detail", ""))
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return {
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"title": f"Suspicious Run Key Persistence - {finding['resource'].split(chr(92))[-1]}",
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"status": "experimental",
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"logsource": {"product": "windows", "category": "registry_set"},
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"detection": {
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"selection": {
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"EventType": "SetValue",
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"TargetObject|contains": "CurrentVersion\\Run",
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"Details|contains": details[:60] if details else "",
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},
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"condition": "selection",
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},
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"level": finding["severity"],
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"tags": ["attack.persistence", "attack.t1547.001"],
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}
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def analyze(data):
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findings = []
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if isinstance(data, list):
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has_event_id = any("EventID" in e or "event_id" in e or "EventCode" in e for e in data)
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if has_event_id:
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findings.extend(analyze_sysmon_events(data))
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else:
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findings.extend(analyze_registry_snapshot(data))
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elif isinstance(data, dict):
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sysmon = data.get("sysmon_events", data.get("events", []))
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registry = data.get("registry_entries", data.get("snapshot", []))
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findings.extend(analyze_sysmon_events(sysmon))
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findings.extend(analyze_registry_snapshot(registry))
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return findings
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def generate_report(input_path):
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data = load_data(input_path)
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findings = analyze(data)
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sev = Counter(f["severity"] for f in findings)
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critical_high = [f for f in findings if f["severity"] in ("critical", "high")]
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sigma_rules = [generate_sigma_rule(f) for f in critical_high[:5]]
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return {
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"report": "registry_run_key_persistence_hunt",
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"generated_at": datetime.utcnow().isoformat() + "Z",
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"mitre_technique": "T1547.001",
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"total_findings": len(findings),
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"severity_summary": dict(sev),
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"high_priority_count": len(critical_high),
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"sigma_rules": sigma_rules,
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"findings": findings,
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}
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def main():
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ap = argparse.ArgumentParser(description="Registry Run Key Persistence Hunter")
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ap.add_argument("--input", required=True, help="Input JSON with Sysmon events or registry snapshot")
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ap.add_argument("--output", help="Output JSON report path")
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args = ap.parse_args()
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report = generate_report(args.input)
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out = json.dumps(report, indent=2)
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if args.output:
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Path(args.output).write_text(out, encoding="utf-8")
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print(f"Report written to {args.output}")
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else:
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print(out)
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if __name__ == "__main__":
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main()
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Reference in New Issue
Block a user