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feat: add 5 new cybersecurity skills - RDP brute force, Covenant C2, Calico network policies, heap spray analysis, T1098 hunting
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# API Reference: Analyzing Heap Spray Exploitation
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## Volatility3 Plugins for Heap Spray Analysis
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| Plugin | Command | Purpose |
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|--------|---------|---------|
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| malfind | `vol -f dump.raw windows.malfind` | Find injected executable memory regions |
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| vadinfo | `vol -f dump.raw windows.vadinfo` | Virtual Address Descriptor details |
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| memmap | `vol -f dump.raw windows.memmap --pid PID --dump` | Dump process memory to files |
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| pslist | `vol -f dump.raw windows.pslist` | List running processes |
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| handles | `vol -f dump.raw windows.handles --pid PID` | List process handles |
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## Common Heap Spray NOP Sled Patterns
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| Pattern | Hex | Description |
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|---------|-----|-------------|
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| x86 NOP | 0x90909090 | Classic NOP instruction |
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| 0x0C landing | 0x0C0C0C0C | Common heap spray address target |
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| 0x0D landing | 0x0D0D0D0D | Alternative spray address |
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| 0x0A landing | 0x0A0A0A0A | Alternative spray address |
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| 0x41 fill | 0x41414141 | "AAAA" padding fill |
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## Shellcode Signatures
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| Bytes | Mnemonic | Context |
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|-------|----------|---------|
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| FC E8 | CLD; CALL | Common shellcode prologue |
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| 60 E8 | PUSHAD; CALL | Register-saving shellcode start |
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| 31 C0 50 68 | XOR EAX; PUSH; PUSH | Stack setup for API call |
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| E8 FF FF FF FF | CALL $+5 | Self-locating shellcode (GetPC) |
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## Detection Thresholds
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| Indicator | Threshold | Meaning |
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|-----------|-----------|---------|
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| Large allocation | >= 1 MB per region | Suspicious heap allocation |
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| Total spray size | >= 50 MB per process | Strong heap spray indicator |
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| NOP sled count | >= 20 repeated bytes | NOP sled detected |
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| RWX permissions | PAGE_EXECUTE_READWRITE | Injected executable code |
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## Install Volatility3
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```bash
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pip install volatility3
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# Or from source:
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git clone https://github.com/volatilityfoundation/volatility3.git
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cd volatility3 && pip install -e .
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```
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## References
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- Volatility3 GitHub: https://github.com/volatilityfoundation/volatility3
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- Volatility3 malfind: https://volatility3.readthedocs.io/en/latest/
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- Heap Spray Techniques: https://www.corelan.be/index.php/2011/12/31/exploit-writing-tutorial-part-11-heap-spraying-demystified/
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- DFRWS 2025 Workshop: https://webdiis.unizar.es/~ricardo/dfrws-eu-25-workshop/
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