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skills/detecting-process-hollowing-technique/LICENSE
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MIT License
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skills/detecting-process-hollowing-technique/SKILL.md
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tags: [threat-hunting, mitre-attack, process-hollowing, process-injection, edr, t1055, proactive-detection]
version: "1.0"
author: mahipal
license: MIT
license: Apache-2.0
---
# Detecting Process Hollowing Technique
skills/detecting-process-hollowing-technique/references/api-reference.md
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# API Reference: Process Hollowing Detection
# API Reference: Detecting Process Hollowing Technique
## MITRE ATT&CK Mapping
- **Technique**: T1055.012 — Process Hollowing
- **Tactic**: Defense Evasion, Privilege Escalation
## Process Hollowing API Sequence
## Windows API Functions Used in Hollowing
| Step | API Call | Purpose |
|------|----------|---------|
| 1 | CreateProcess(SUSPENDED) | Create target suspended |
| 2 | NtUnmapViewOfSection | Unmap legitimate code |
| 3 | VirtualAllocEx | Allocate for payload |
| 4 | WriteProcessMemory | Write malicious code |
| 5 | SetThreadContext | Redirect execution |
| 6 | ResumeThread | Execute payload |
### CreateProcessA/W (kernel32.dll)
```c
BOOL CreateProcessW(
LPCWSTR lpApplicationName,
LPWSTR lpCommandLine,
LPSECURITY_ATTRIBUTES lpProcessAttributes,
LPSECURITY_ATTRIBUTES lpThreadAttributes,
BOOL bInheritHandles,
DWORD dwCreationFlags, // CREATE_SUSPENDED = 0x4
LPVOID lpEnvironment,
LPCWSTR lpCurrentDirectory,
LPSTARTUPINFOW lpStartupInfo,
LPPROCESS_INFORMATION lpProcessInformation
);
## Commonly Hollowed Processes
| Process | Reason |
|---------|--------|
| svchost.exe | Trusted, always running |
| explorer.exe | UI process |
| notepad.exe | Simple, rarely monitored |
| dllhost.exe | COM surrogate |
## Sysmon Detection Events
| Event ID | Detection |
|----------|-----------|
| 1 | Suspicious parent-child |
| 8 | CreateRemoteThread into hollowed target |
| 10 | Process Access with PROCESS_ALL_ACCESS |
## Splunk SPL
```spl
index=sysmon EventCode=10
| where TargetImage IN ("*\svchost.exe","*\explorer.exe")
| where GrantedAccess IN ("0x1FFFFF","0x1F3FFF")
| table _time SourceImage TargetImage GrantedAccess Computer
```
### NtUnmapViewOfSection (ntdll.dll)
```c
NTSTATUS NtUnmapViewOfSection(
HANDLE ProcessHandle,
PVOID BaseAddress
);
```
## CLI Usage
### VirtualAllocEx (kernel32.dll)
```c
LPVOID VirtualAllocEx(
HANDLE hProcess,
LPVOID lpAddress,
SIZE_T dwSize,
DWORD flAllocationType,
DWORD flProtect // PAGE_EXECUTE_READWRITE = 0x40
);
```
### WriteProcessMemory (kernel32.dll)
```c
BOOL WriteProcessMemory(
HANDLE hProcess,
LPVOID lpBaseAddress,
LPCVOID lpBuffer,
SIZE_T nSize,
SIZE_T *lpNumberOfBytesWritten
);
```
### ResumeThread (kernel32.dll)
```c
DWORD ResumeThread(HANDLE hThread);
```
## Detection via Linux /proc Filesystem
### /proc/[pid]/exe
Symlink to the actual executable. If deleted or replaced, shows `(deleted)`.
### /proc/[pid]/maps
```
address perms offset dev inode pathname
00400000-00452000 r-xp 00000000 08:02 173521 /usr/bin/target
```
### /proc/[pid]/status
```
Name: svchost
Pid: 1234
PPid: 567
VmExe: 512 kB
```
## Sysmon Event IDs for Detection
| Event ID | Description |
|----------|-------------|
| 1 | Process Create (check CREATE_SUSPENDED flag) |
| 8 | CreateRemoteThread |
| 10 | ProcessAccess (PROCESS_VM_WRITE + PROCESS_VM_OPERATION) |
| 25 | ProcessTampering (image replaced) |
## PowerShell Detection Queries
### Get process with module mismatch
```powershell
Get-Process | Where-Object {
$_.Path -and $_.MainModule.FileName -and
($_.Path -ne $_.MainModule.FileName)
}
```
### Check for suspended child processes
```powershell
Get-CimInstance Win32_Process | Where-Object {
$_.ExecutionState -eq 'Suspended'
} | Select-Object ProcessId, Name, ParentProcessId, CommandLine
```bash
python agent.py --sysmon-log Sysmon.evtx
```
skills/detecting-process-hollowing-technique/scripts/agent.py
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#!/usr/bin/env python3
"""Agent for detecting process hollowing (T1055.012) in running processes."""
"""Process hollowing (T1055.012) detection agent.
Detects hollowed processes by analyzing Sysmon events for suspended process
creation, memory allocation in remote processes, and thread hijacking.
"""
import argparse
import ctypes
import json
import os
import struct
import subprocess
import re
import sys
from datetime import datetime, timezone
from datetime import datetime
try:
import Evtx.Evtx as evtx
except ImportError:
evtx = None
COMMONLY_HOLLOWED = {
"svchost.exe", "explorer.exe", "notepad.exe", "calc.exe",
"dllhost.exe", "regsvr32.exe", "RuntimeBroker.exe",
}
SUSPICIOUS_PARENT_CHILD = [
("cmd.exe", "svchost.exe"), ("powershell.exe", "svchost.exe"),
("wscript.exe", "svchost.exe"), ("mshta.exe", "svchost.exe"),
("winword.exe", "svchost.exe"), ("excel.exe", "svchost.exe"),
]
def get_running_processes():
"""Enumerate running processes via tasklist or ps."""
procs = []
if sys.platform == "win32":
out = subprocess.check_output(
["tasklist", "/FO", "CSV", "/NH", "/V"], text=True, errors="replace"
)
for line in out.strip().splitlines():
parts = line.strip('"').split('","')
if len(parts) >= 2:
procs.append({"name": parts[0], "pid": int(parts[1])})
else:
out = subprocess.check_output(
["ps", "-eo", "pid,ppid,comm,args", "--no-headers"], text=True
)
for line in out.strip().splitlines():
fields = line.split(None, 3)
if len(fields) >= 3:
procs.append({
"pid": int(fields[0]),
"ppid": int(fields[1]),
"name": fields[2],
"cmdline": fields[3] if len(fields) > 3 else "",
})
return procs
def detect_hollowing_sysmon(filepath):
if evtx is None:
return {"error": "python-evtx not installed: pip install python-evtx"}
findings = []
with evtx.Evtx(filepath) as log:
for record in log.records():
xml = record.xml()
eid_match = re.search(r'<EventID[^>]*>(\d+)</EventID>', xml)
if not eid_match:
continue
eid = int(eid_match.group(1))
time_match = re.search(r'SystemTime="([^"]+)"', xml)
ts = time_match.group(1) if time_match else ""
if eid == 1:
image = re.search(r'<Data Name="Image">([^<]+)', xml)
parent = re.search(r'<Data Name="ParentImage">([^<]+)', xml)
cmdline = re.search(r'<Data Name="CommandLine">([^<]+)', xml)
if image and parent:
img = image.group(1).rsplit("\\", 1)[-1].lower()
par = parent.group(1).rsplit("\\", 1)[-1].lower()
for sp, sc in SUSPICIOUS_PARENT_CHILD:
if par == sp.lower() and img == sc.lower():
findings.append({
"event_id": 1, "timestamp": ts,
"type": "suspicious_parent_child",
"parent": parent.group(1), "image": image.group(1),
"cmdline": cmdline.group(1)[:200] if cmdline else "",
"severity": "HIGH", "mitre": "T1055.012",
})
def check_memory_discrepancy_linux(pid):
"""Check for signs of hollowing: discrepancy between mapped exe and memory."""
indicators = []
exe_link = f"/proc/{pid}/exe"
maps_file = f"/proc/{pid}/maps"
try:
real_exe = os.readlink(exe_link)
if " (deleted)" in real_exe:
indicators.append(f"exe link points to deleted binary: {real_exe}")
except (OSError, PermissionError):
return indicators
if eid == 8:
source = re.search(r'<Data Name="SourceImage">([^<]+)', xml)
target = re.search(r'<Data Name="TargetImage">([^<]+)', xml)
if target:
tgt = target.group(1).rsplit("\\", 1)[-1].lower()
if tgt in COMMONLY_HOLLOWED:
findings.append({
"event_id": 8, "timestamp": ts,
"type": "remote_thread_hollowed_target",
"source": source.group(1) if source else "",
"target": target.group(1),
"severity": "CRITICAL", "mitre": "T1055.012",
})
try:
with open(maps_file, "r") as f:
maps = f.read()
exe_base = os.path.basename(real_exe)
first_exec_region = None
for line in maps.splitlines():
if "r-xp" in line:
first_exec_region = line
break
if first_exec_region and exe_base not in first_exec_region:
indicators.append(
f"Executable memory region does not reference expected binary: {first_exec_region}"
)
except (OSError, PermissionError):
pass
return indicators
def check_hollowing_windows(pid):
"""Use Windows API to detect hollowing via PEB image base vs section."""
indicators = []
try:
result = subprocess.check_output(
["powershell", "-NoProfile", "-Command",
f"Get-Process -Id {pid} | Select-Object Id,ProcessName,Path,"
"MainModule,StartTime | ConvertTo-Json"],
text=True, errors="replace", timeout=10
)
data = json.loads(result)
if data.get("Path") and data.get("MainModule"):
mod_path = data["MainModule"].get("FileName", "")
if mod_path and data["Path"].lower() != mod_path.lower():
indicators.append(
f"Process path mismatch: Path={data['Path']} MainModule={mod_path}"
)
except (subprocess.SubprocessError, json.JSONDecodeError, KeyError):
pass
return indicators
def analyze_process(pid):
"""Analyze a single process for hollowing indicators."""
if sys.platform == "win32":
return check_hollowing_windows(pid)
return check_memory_discrepancy_linux(pid)
def scan_all(target_pids=None):
"""Scan processes for process hollowing indicators."""
results = []
procs = get_running_processes()
targets = procs if not target_pids else [p for p in procs if p["pid"] in target_pids]
for proc in targets:
pid = proc["pid"]
indicators = analyze_process(pid)
entry = {
"pid": pid,
"name": proc.get("name", "unknown"),
"hollowing_indicators": indicators,
"suspicious": len(indicators) > 0,
}
results.append(entry)
return results
if eid == 10:
source = re.search(r'<Data Name="SourceImage">([^<]+)', xml)
target = re.search(r'<Data Name="TargetImage">([^<]+)', xml)
access = re.search(r'<Data Name="GrantedAccess">([^<]+)', xml)
if target and access:
tgt = target.group(1).rsplit("\\", 1)[-1].lower()
mask = access.group(1).lower()
if tgt in COMMONLY_HOLLOWED and mask in ("0x1fffff", "0x1f3fff"):
findings.append({
"event_id": 10, "timestamp": ts,
"type": "full_access_hollowed_target",
"source": source.group(1) if source else "",
"target": target.group(1), "access": mask,
"severity": "CRITICAL", "mitre": "T1055.012",
})
return findings
def main():
parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(
description="Detect process hollowing (T1055.012) in running processes"
)
parser.add_argument("--pid", type=int, nargs="*", help="Specific PIDs to scan")
parser.add_argument("--output", "-o", help="Output JSON file path")
parser.add_argument("--verbose", "-v", action="store_true", help="Verbose output")
parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description="Process Hollowing Detector")
parser.add_argument("--sysmon-log", required=True, help="Sysmon EVTX file")
args = parser.parse_args()
print("[*] Process Hollowing Detection Agent")
print(f"[*] Platform: {sys.platform}")
print(f"[*] Scan started: {datetime.now(timezone.utc).isoformat()}")
results = scan_all(target_pids=args.pid)
suspicious = [r for r in results if r["suspicious"]]
report = {
"scan_time": datetime.now(timezone.utc).isoformat(),
"platform": sys.platform,
"total_scanned": len(results),
"suspicious_count": len(suspicious),
"suspicious_processes": suspicious,
}
if args.verbose:
for r in results:
status = "SUSPICIOUS" if r["suspicious"] else "OK"
print(f" [{status}] PID {r['pid']} ({r['name']})")
for ind in r.get("hollowing_indicators", []):
print(f" -> {ind}")
print(f"\n[*] Scanned {len(results)} processes, {len(suspicious)} suspicious")
if args.output:
with open(args.output, "w") as f:
json.dump(report, f, indent=2)
print(f"[*] Report saved to {args.output}")
findings = detect_hollowing_sysmon(args.sysmon_log)
if isinstance(findings, dict) and "error" in findings:
results = findings
else:
print(json.dumps(report, indent=2))
results = {
"timestamp": datetime.utcnow().isoformat() + "Z",
"findings": findings, "total_findings": len(findings),
}
print(json.dumps(results, indent=2))
if __name__ == "__main__":