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Add 30 new production-grade cybersecurity skills: AI security, supply chain, firmware, cloud-native, compliance, deception, crypto, threat hunting, purple team, OT, privacy

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skills/performing-ios-app-security-assessment/SKILL.md
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---
name: performing-ios-app-security-assessment
description: >
Performs comprehensive iOS application security assessments using Frida for dynamic
instrumentation, Objection for runtime exploration, SSL pinning bypass for traffic
interception, keychain extraction for credential analysis, and IPA static analysis
for binary-level review. Use when conducting authorized iOS penetration tests, evaluating
mobile app security posture against OWASP MASTG, or assessing iOS app data protection
and transport security controls. Activates for requests involving iOS app pentesting,
Frida-based iOS instrumentation, mobile app SSL pinning bypass, or IPA reverse engineering.
domain: cybersecurity
subdomain: mobile-security
author: mukul975
tags: [mobile-security, ios, frida, objection, ssl-pinning, keychain, ipa-analysis, owasp-mastg]
version: 1.0.0
license: Apache-2.0
---
# Performing iOS App Security Assessment
## Disclaimer
This skill is intended for authorized security testing, penetration testing engagements, CTF competitions, and educational purposes only. Unauthorized access to applications or devices is illegal. Always obtain written authorization before performing any security assessment. Misuse of these techniques may violate computer fraud and abuse laws in your jurisdiction.
## When to Use
Use this skill when:
- Conducting authorized penetration tests of iOS applications against OWASP MASVS/MASTG criteria
- Performing dynamic analysis of iOS apps using Frida instrumentation and Objection runtime exploration
- Bypassing SSL/TLS certificate pinning to intercept and analyze app network traffic through a proxy
- Extracting and auditing iOS Keychain contents for insecure credential storage practices
- Performing static analysis of IPA packages to identify hardcoded secrets, entitlements, and binary protections
- Assessing jailbreak detection and anti-tampering controls in iOS applications
**Do not use** against applications without explicit written authorization. Do not use on production devices containing real user data unless the engagement scope permits it.
## Prerequisites
- Python 3.10+ with pip
- Frida toolkit: `pip install frida-tools frida`
- Objection: `pip install objection`
- Target iOS device (jailbroken with frida-server, or non-jailbroken with patched IPA)
- macOS with Xcode command-line tools (recommended for code signing and ideviceinstaller)
- Burp Suite or mitmproxy for traffic interception after SSL pinning bypass
- For jailbroken devices: SSH access and frida-server running on the device
- For non-jailbroken devices: Apple Developer certificate for IPA re-signing
## Workflow
### Step 1: IPA Static Analysis
Extract and analyze the IPA binary before runtime testing:
```bash
# Unzip IPA for static analysis
unzip target.ipa -d target_app/
# Check binary architectures and protections
otool -hv target_app/Payload/*.app/AppExecutable
otool -l target_app/Payload/*.app/AppExecutable | grep -A4 LC_ENCRYPTION
# Extract Info.plist for entitlements and URL schemes
plutil -p target_app/Payload/*.app/Info.plist
# Search for hardcoded secrets in binary strings
strings target_app/Payload/*.app/AppExecutable | grep -iE "api[_-]?key|secret|password|token|firebase"
# Check embedded provisioning profile
security cms -D -i target_app/Payload/*.app/embedded.mobileprovision
# Identify linked frameworks
otool -L target_app/Payload/*.app/AppExecutable
```
### Step 2: Environment Setup and Frida Attachment
```bash
# For jailbroken device: verify Frida server is running
frida-ps -U
# Spawn target app with Frida
frida -U -f com.target.app --no-pause
# For non-jailbroken device: patch IPA with Frida Gadget
objection patchipa --source target.ipa --codesign-signature "Apple Development: tester@example.com"
# Install patched IPA
ideviceinstaller -i target-patched.ipa
# Attach Objection to running app
objection --gadget "com.target.app" explore
```
### Step 3: SSL Pinning Bypass
Bypass certificate pinning to enable traffic interception:
```bash
# Using Objection's built-in bypass
objection --gadget "com.target.app" explore --startup-command "ios sslpinning disable"
# Using Frida script for more comprehensive bypass
frida -U -f com.target.app -l ssl_pinning_bypass.js --no-pause
# Verify bypass by configuring device proxy to Burp Suite
# Device Settings -> Wi-Fi -> HTTP Proxy -> Manual -> <burp_ip>:8080
# Install Burp CA certificate on device via http://<burp_ip>:8080/cert
```
The Frida SSL pinning bypass script hooks into NSURLSession, NSURLConnection, and
AFNetworking/Alamofire trust evaluation delegates to override certificate validation
at the TLS handshake level.
### Step 4: Keychain Extraction and Credential Analysis
```bash
# Dump all accessible keychain items via Objection
ios keychain dump
# Dump keychain with raw data output
ios keychain dump --json
# Check keychain item accessibility attributes
# Items with kSecAttrAccessibleAlways or kSecAttrAccessibleAfterFirstUnlock
# are accessible without device unlock - this is a finding
# Search for specific credential types
ios keychain dump | grep -i "password\|token\|secret\|oauth"
# Inspect NSUserDefaults for sensitive data leaks
ios nsuserdefaults get
# Check for sensitive data in app cookies
ios cookies get
```
### Step 5: Runtime Method Hooking and Analysis
```bash
# List all loaded classes
ios hooking list classes
# Search for security-relevant classes
ios hooking search classes Auth
ios hooking search classes Crypto
ios hooking search classes Biometric
ios hooking search classes Jailbreak
# Hook authentication methods to observe parameters and return values
ios hooking watch method "+[AuthManager validateCredentials:password:]" --dump-args --dump-return
# Monitor biometric authentication (LocalAuthentication framework)
ios hooking watch class LAContext
# Bypass jailbreak detection
ios jailbreak disable
# Search memory for sensitive strings
memory search "Bearer " --string
memory search "password" --string
# Dump loaded modules for third-party library identification
memory list modules
```
### Step 6: Data Storage Assessment
```bash
# List files in app sandbox
env
# Check for SQLite databases with sensitive data
sqlite connect Documents/app.db
sqlite execute query "SELECT name FROM sqlite_master WHERE type='table'"
# Inspect plist files for cached credentials
ios plist cat Library/Preferences/com.target.app.plist
# Check for sensitive data in app caches
find Library/Caches/ -type f
# Monitor pasteboard for credential leakage
ios pasteboard monitor
# Check binary cookies
ios cookies get
```
### Step 7: Network and Transport Security Assessment
After SSL pinning bypass, analyze intercepted traffic:
```bash
# Verify App Transport Security (ATS) configuration in Info.plist
# Check for NSAllowsArbitraryLoads = true (disables ATS)
ios plist cat Info.plist | grep -A5 NSAppTransportSecurity
# Hook URL session delegates to monitor all network calls
ios hooking watch class NSURLSession
ios hooking watch class NSURLSessionConfiguration
# Check for certificate transparency validation
ios hooking search classes CT
ios hooking search classes Certificate
```
## Key Concepts
| Term | Definition |
|------|-----------|
| **Frida** | Dynamic instrumentation toolkit that injects a JavaScript engine into target processes, enabling runtime hooking, tracing, and modification of iOS app behavior |
| **Objection** | Runtime mobile exploration toolkit built on Frida providing pre-built commands for common security tests including keychain dump, SSL pinning bypass, and method hooking |
| **SSL Pinning** | Client-side certificate validation that restricts which TLS certificates the app trusts, preventing proxy-based traffic interception; bypassed by hooking trust evaluation functions |
| **Keychain** | iOS secure storage API for credentials and tokens; items have accessibility attributes that control when they can be read (e.g., only when device is unlocked) |
| **IPA** | iOS App Store Package; a ZIP archive containing the app binary, frameworks, assets, and provisioning profile that can be extracted for static analysis |
| **OWASP MASTG** | Mobile Application Security Testing Guide; comprehensive methodology for iOS and Android security testing organized by MASVS verification categories |
| **Frida Gadget** | Shared library (.dylib) injected into IPA for non-jailbroken testing; enables Frida instrumentation without requiring a jailbroken device |
| **Method Swizzling** | Objective-C runtime technique that exchanges method implementations at runtime; used by Frida to intercept and modify method behavior |
## Tools & Systems
- **Frida**: Dynamic instrumentation framework for injecting JavaScript into native app processes at runtime
- **Objection**: High-level Frida-powered mobile security toolkit with pre-built exploration commands
- **frida-tools**: CLI utilities including frida-ps (process listing), frida-trace (method tracing), frida-discover (API discovery)
- **Burp Suite**: HTTP/HTTPS interception proxy used to analyze app traffic after SSL pinning bypass
- **ideviceinstaller**: Cross-platform CLI tool for installing and managing iOS apps over USB
- **otool / rabin2**: Binary analysis tools for inspecting Mach-O headers, linked libraries, and encryption info
- **Cycript / Frida REPL**: Interactive consoles for exploring Objective-C runtime and modifying objects in memory
## Common Pitfalls
- **Frida detection crashes the app**: Some apps implement Frida detection by scanning for frida-server process names, Frida's RPC ports, or gadget signatures. Use `--startup-command` to hook detection checks before they execute, or rename frida-server binary.
- **Keychain scope limitation**: Objection can only access keychain items within the app's keychain access group. System-wide keychain items require jailbreak-level tools like keychain-dumper.
- **Swift name mangling**: Swift method names are mangled in the Objective-C runtime. Use `ios hooking list classes` and grep for demangled names, or use frida-trace with wildcard patterns.
- **App Transport Security enforcement**: ATS may block your proxy connections even after SSL pinning bypass. Verify the Info.plist ATS configuration allows your proxy's certificate chain.
- **Code signing invalidation**: Patching an IPA with Frida Gadget invalidates the original code signature. You need a valid Apple Developer certificate to re-sign the patched IPA.
- **Non-persistent modifications**: All Frida/Objection hooks are runtime-only and reset when the app restarts. Document findings and capture evidence immediately.
## Output Format
```
## Finding: Insecure Keychain Storage with kSecAttrAccessibleAlways
**ID**: IOS-001
**Severity**: High (CVSS 7.5)
**OWASP MASTG**: MASTG-TEST-0055 (Testing Data Storage)
**MASVS Category**: MASVS-STORAGE
**Description**:
The application stores OAuth refresh tokens in the iOS Keychain with
the accessibility attribute kSecAttrAccessibleAlways, making them
readable even when the device is locked or after a reboot without
user authentication.
**Proof of Concept**:
1. Attach Objection to com.target.app: objection --gadget com.target.app explore
2. Execute: ios keychain dump
3. Observe refresh_token item with Accessible: kSecAttrAccessibleAlways
4. Token value is accessible without device unlock
**Impact**:
An attacker with physical access to a locked device or forensic
image can extract OAuth refresh tokens and gain persistent access
to the user's account without knowing device passcode.
**Remediation**:
Store sensitive credentials with kSecAttrAccessibleWhenUnlockedThisDeviceOnly
and enable biometric protection via kSecAccessControlBiometryCurrentSet.
```
skills/performing-ios-app-security-assessment/references/api-reference.md
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# API Reference: iOS App Security Assessment Agent
## Overview
Automates iOS application security testing using Frida dynamic instrumentation, Objection runtime exploration, SSL pinning bypass, keychain extraction, and IPA static analysis. Covers OWASP MASVS categories including STORAGE, NETWORK, AUTH, RESILIENCE, and PLATFORM. For authorized penetration testing only.
## Dependencies
| Package | Version | Purpose |
|---------|---------|---------|
| frida | >=16.0 | Dynamic instrumentation framework for iOS process injection |
| frida-tools | >=12.0 | CLI utilities (frida-ps, frida-trace) for device interaction |
| objection | >=1.11 | High-level Frida-powered mobile security exploration toolkit |
## CLI Usage
```bash
# Static IPA analysis only
python agent.py --ipa target.ipa --output-dir ./analysis
# Dynamic testing with SSL pinning bypass and keychain dump
python agent.py --bundle-id com.target.app --ssl-bypass --keychain --output report.json
# Full assessment with jailbreak bypass
python agent.py --bundle-id com.target.app --ipa target.ipa \
--ssl-bypass --keychain --jailbreak-bypass \
--device usb --frida-timeout 45 --output full_report.json
```
## Arguments
| Argument | Required | Description |
|----------|----------|-------------|
| `--bundle-id` | Conditional | Target app bundle identifier for dynamic testing |
| `--ipa` | Conditional | Path to IPA file for static analysis |
| `--device` | No | Frida device type: `usb`, `remote`, `local` (default: `usb`) |
| `--ssl-bypass` | No | Execute SSL pinning bypass Frida script |
| `--keychain` | No | Dump and analyze keychain item security |
| `--jailbreak-bypass` | No | Execute jailbreak detection bypass script |
| `--frida-timeout` | No | Frida script execution timeout in seconds (default: 30) |
| `--output` | No | Output report file path (default: `ios_assessment_report.json`) |
| `--output-dir` | No | Directory for IPA extraction artifacts (default: `.`) |
At least one of `--bundle-id` or `--ipa` is required.
## Key Functions
### `analyze_ipa_static(ipa_path, output_dir)`
Extracts and statically analyzes an IPA package. Checks Info.plist for ATS configuration, URL schemes, and background modes. Scans binary strings for hardcoded API keys, secrets, AWS credentials, Firebase URLs, and private keys. Inspects provisioning profile for debug entitlements.
### `run_frida_script(target_bundle, script_source, device_type, timeout_sec)`
Executes a Frida JavaScript payload against a target iOS app. Attempts to attach to a running process first, falls back to spawning the app. Collects messages sent from the Frida script via the `send()` API.
### `run_objection_command(bundle_id, command)`
Runs a single Objection command against the target app using subprocess. Returns stdout, stderr, and return code. Handles timeout and missing installation gracefully.
### `assess_keychain_security(bundle_id)`
Dumps keychain items via Objection and analyzes accessibility attributes. Flags items using insecure attributes (kSecAttrAccessibleAlways, kSecAttrAccessibleAfterFirstUnlock) and passwords lacking biometric/passcode access control.
### `generate_report(findings, target_app, output_path)`
Aggregates all findings into a JSON report with severity breakdown (critical/high/medium/low) and metadata including timestamp and target identifier.
## Frida Script Payloads
| Script | Target APIs | Purpose |
|--------|-------------|---------|
| `SSL_PINNING_BYPASS_SCRIPT` | SecTrustEvaluate, SecTrustEvaluateWithError, AFSecurityPolicy, TSKPinningValidator | Bypasses certificate pinning across system and third-party frameworks |
| `KEYCHAIN_DUMP_SCRIPT` | SecItemCopyMatching | Enumerates keychain item classes and counts accessible items |
| `JAILBREAK_DETECTION_BYPASS_SCRIPT` | NSFileManager, UIApplication canOpenURL, fork() | Hides jailbreak indicators from filesystem, URL scheme, and process checks |
## OWASP MASVS Coverage
| MASVS Category | Tests | Functions |
|----------------|-------|-----------|
| MASVS-STORAGE | MASTG-TEST-0055, 0058 | `assess_keychain_security`, `analyze_ipa_static` |
| MASVS-NETWORK | MASTG-TEST-0066, 0068 | SSL pinning bypass, ATS configuration check |
| MASVS-RESILIENCE | MASTG-TEST-0079, 0083 | Jailbreak bypass, debug entitlement check |
| MASVS-PLATFORM | MASTG-TEST-0075 | URL scheme analysis |
skills/performing-ios-app-security-assessment/scripts/agent.py
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#!/usr/bin/env python3
# For authorized penetration testing and lab environments only
"""iOS App Security Assessment Agent - Automates Frida-based iOS security testing including
SSL pinning bypass, keychain extraction, IPA static analysis, and runtime method hooking."""
import argparse
import json
import logging
import os
import plistlib
import re
import subprocess
import sys
import zipfile
from datetime import datetime
from pathlib import Path
logging.basicConfig(level=logging.INFO, format="%(asctime)s [%(levelname)s] %(message)s")
logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
# Frida JavaScript payloads for iOS instrumentation
SSL_PINNING_BYPASS_SCRIPT = r"""
'use strict';
// Hook NSURLSessionDelegate certificate challenge methods
if (ObjC.available) {
try {
// Bypass NSURLSession certificate pinning
var NSURLSessionTask = ObjC.classes.NSURLSessionTask;
var resolveMethod = ObjC.classes.NSURLSession['- URLSession:didReceiveChallenge:completionHandler:'];
Interceptor.attach(
ObjC.classes.NSURLSession['- URLSession:didReceiveChallenge:completionHandler:'].implementation, {
onEnter: function(args) {
send('[SSL Bypass] Intercepted NSURLSession challenge');
}
});
} catch(e) {}
// Hook SecTrustEvaluate to always return success
try {
var SecTrustEvaluate = Module.findExportByName('Security', 'SecTrustEvaluate');
if (SecTrustEvaluate) {
Interceptor.attach(SecTrustEvaluate, {
onLeave: function(retval) {
retval.replace(0); // errSecSuccess
send('[SSL Bypass] SecTrustEvaluate -> success');
}
});
}
} catch(e) {}
// Hook SecTrustEvaluateWithError (iOS 12+)
try {
var SecTrustEvaluateWithError = Module.findExportByName('Security', 'SecTrustEvaluateWithError');
if (SecTrustEvaluateWithError) {
Interceptor.attach(SecTrustEvaluateWithError, {
onLeave: function(retval) {
retval.replace(1); // true = trusted
send('[SSL Bypass] SecTrustEvaluateWithError -> trusted');
}
});
}
} catch(e) {}
// Hook SecTrustGetTrustResult
try {
var SecTrustGetTrustResult = Module.findExportByName('Security', 'SecTrustGetTrustResult');
if (SecTrustGetTrustResult) {
Interceptor.attach(SecTrustGetTrustResult, {
onLeave: function(retval) {
retval.replace(0);
send('[SSL Bypass] SecTrustGetTrustResult -> proceed');
}
});
}
} catch(e) {}
// Bypass AFNetworking pinning
try {
var AFSecurityPolicy = ObjC.classes.AFSecurityPolicy;
if (AFSecurityPolicy) {
Interceptor.attach(AFSecurityPolicy['- setSSLPinningMode:'].implementation, {
onEnter: function(args) {
args[2] = ptr(0); // AFSSLPinningModeNone
send('[SSL Bypass] AFNetworking pinning disabled');
}
});
}
} catch(e) {}
// Bypass TrustKit pinning
try {
var TrustKit = ObjC.classes.TSKPinningValidator;
if (TrustKit) {
Interceptor.attach(TrustKit['- evaluateTrust:forHostname:'].implementation, {
onLeave: function(retval) {
retval.replace(0); // TSKTrustEvaluationSuccess
send('[SSL Bypass] TrustKit pinning bypassed');
}
});
}
} catch(e) {}
send('[SSL Bypass] All hooks installed successfully');
} else {
send('[SSL Bypass] Objective-C runtime not available');
}
"""
KEYCHAIN_DUMP_SCRIPT = r"""
'use strict';
if (ObjC.available) {
var SecItemCopyMatching = Module.findExportByName('Security', 'SecItemCopyMatching');
var results = [];
// Enumerate keychain item classes
var kSecClasses = [
'genp', // kSecClassGenericPassword
'inet', // kSecClassInternetPassword
'cert', // kSecClassCertificate
'keys', // kSecClassKey
'idnt' // kSecClassIdentity
];
var classNames = {
'genp': 'GenericPassword',
'inet': 'InternetPassword',
'cert': 'Certificate',
'keys': 'CryptoKey',
'idnt': 'Identity'
};
for (var i = 0; i < kSecClasses.length; i++) {
try {
var query = ObjC.classes.NSMutableDictionary.alloc().init();
query.setObject_forKey_(kSecClasses[i], 'class');
query.setObject_forKey_(ObjC.classes.__NSCFBoolean.numberWithBool_(true), 'r_Ref');
query.setObject_forKey_('m_LimitAll', 'm_Limit');
query.setObject_forKey_(ObjC.classes.__NSCFBoolean.numberWithBool_(true), 'r_Data');
query.setObject_forKey_(ObjC.classes.__NSCFBoolean.numberWithBool_(true), 'r_Attributes');
var resultPtr = Memory.alloc(Process.pointerSize);
var status = new NativeFunction(SecItemCopyMatching, 'int', ['pointer', 'pointer']);
var ret = status(query.handle, resultPtr);
if (ret === 0) {
var resultObj = new ObjC.Object(resultPtr.readPointer());
send({
type: 'keychain',
class: classNames[kSecClasses[i]],
count: resultObj.count ? resultObj.count() : 1
});
}
} catch(e) {
send({type: 'keychain_error', class: classNames[kSecClasses[i]], error: e.toString()});
}
}
send({type: 'keychain_complete'});
}
"""
JAILBREAK_DETECTION_BYPASS_SCRIPT = r"""
'use strict';
if (ObjC.available) {
// Hook NSFileManager fileExistsAtPath: to hide jailbreak indicators
var NSFileManager = ObjC.classes.NSFileManager;
var fileExistsAtPath = NSFileManager['- fileExistsAtPath:'];
var jailbreakPaths = [
'/Applications/Cydia.app',
'/Applications/Sileo.app',
'/Library/MobileSubstrate/MobileSubstrate.dylib',
'/bin/bash', '/usr/sbin/sshd', '/etc/apt',
'/usr/bin/ssh', '/private/var/lib/apt/',
'/private/var/lib/cydia', '/private/var/tmp/cydia.log',
'/var/lib/dpkg/info', '/usr/libexec/cydia/'
];
Interceptor.attach(fileExistsAtPath.implementation, {
onEnter: function(args) {
this.path = ObjC.Object(args[2]).toString();
},
onLeave: function(retval) {
for (var i = 0; i < jailbreakPaths.length; i++) {
if (this.path.indexOf(jailbreakPaths[i]) !== -1) {
retval.replace(0); // false
send('[JB Bypass] Hidden: ' + this.path);
break;
}
}
}
});
// Hook canOpenURL to block cydia:// scheme detection
var UIApplication = ObjC.classes.UIApplication;
Interceptor.attach(UIApplication['- canOpenURL:'].implementation, {
onEnter: function(args) {
this.url = ObjC.Object(args[2]).toString();
},
onLeave: function(retval) {
if (this.url.indexOf('cydia://') !== -1 || this.url.indexOf('sileo://') !== -1) {
retval.replace(0);
send('[JB Bypass] Blocked URL scheme: ' + this.url);
}
}
});
// Hook fork() to prevent fork-based jailbreak detection
var fork = Module.findExportByName(null, 'fork');
if (fork) {
Interceptor.attach(fork, {
onLeave: function(retval) {
retval.replace(-1); // fork fails on non-jailbroken
send('[JB Bypass] fork() returned -1');
}
});
}
send('[JB Bypass] All jailbreak detection bypasses installed');
}
"""
def analyze_ipa_static(ipa_path, output_dir):
"""Perform static analysis on an IPA file."""
findings = []
extract_dir = os.path.join(output_dir, "ipa_extracted")
if not zipfile.is_zipfile(ipa_path):
logger.error("Not a valid IPA/ZIP file: %s", ipa_path)
return findings
with zipfile.ZipFile(ipa_path, "r") as zf:
zf.extractall(extract_dir)
logger.info("Extracted IPA to %s", extract_dir)
# Find the .app directory
payload_dir = os.path.join(extract_dir, "Payload")
if not os.path.isdir(payload_dir):
logger.error("No Payload directory found in IPA")
return findings
app_dirs = [d for d in os.listdir(payload_dir) if d.endswith(".app")]
if not app_dirs:
logger.error("No .app bundle found in Payload")
return findings
app_path = os.path.join(payload_dir, app_dirs[0])
logger.info("Analyzing app bundle: %s", app_dirs[0])
# Parse Info.plist
info_plist_path = os.path.join(app_path, "Info.plist")
if os.path.exists(info_plist_path):
with open(info_plist_path, "rb") as f:
try:
plist_data = plistlib.load(f)
except Exception:
plist_data = {}
# Check App Transport Security configuration
ats = plist_data.get("NSAppTransportSecurity", {})
if ats.get("NSAllowsArbitraryLoads", False):
findings.append({
"id": "IOS-STATIC-001",
"severity": "Medium",
"title": "App Transport Security Disabled",
"detail": "NSAllowsArbitraryLoads is set to true, allowing cleartext HTTP traffic",
"masvs": "MASVS-NETWORK",
"mastg": "MASTG-TEST-0066",
})
# Check URL schemes for deep link hijacking potential
url_types = plist_data.get("CFBundleURLTypes", [])
custom_schemes = []
for url_type in url_types:
schemes = url_type.get("CFBundleURLSchemes", [])
custom_schemes.extend(schemes)
if custom_schemes:
findings.append({
"id": "IOS-STATIC-002",
"severity": "Informational",
"title": "Custom URL Schemes Registered",
"detail": f"App registers URL schemes: {', '.join(custom_schemes)}. "
"Test for deep link hijacking and parameter injection.",
"masvs": "MASVS-PLATFORM",
"mastg": "MASTG-TEST-0075",
})
# Check for background modes that could leak data
bg_modes = plist_data.get("UIBackgroundModes", [])
if bg_modes:
findings.append({
"id": "IOS-STATIC-003",
"severity": "Informational",
"title": "Background Execution Modes Enabled",
"detail": f"Background modes: {', '.join(bg_modes)}. "
"Verify sensitive operations are not exposed in background.",
"masvs": "MASVS-STORAGE",
"mastg": "MASTG-TEST-0058",
})
# Scan binary strings for hardcoded secrets
executable_name = plist_data.get("CFBundleExecutable", app_dirs[0].replace(".app", ""))
executable_path = os.path.join(app_path, executable_name)
if os.path.exists(executable_path):
secret_patterns = [
(r'(?i)api[_-]?key\s*[:=]\s*["\'][A-Za-z0-9_\-]{16,}', "Hardcoded API Key"),
(r'(?i)secret\s*[:=]\s*["\'][A-Za-z0-9_\-]{8,}', "Hardcoded Secret"),
(r'(?i)password\s*[:=]\s*["\'][^"\']{4,}', "Hardcoded Password"),
(r'https?://[a-zA-Z0-9._\-]+\.firebaseio\.com', "Firebase URL"),
(r'AIza[0-9A-Za-z_\-]{35}', "Google API Key"),
(r'AKIA[0-9A-Z]{16}', "AWS Access Key ID"),
(r'-----BEGIN (?:RSA )?PRIVATE KEY-----', "Embedded Private Key"),
]
try:
result = subprocess.run(
["strings", executable_path],
capture_output=True, text=True, timeout=60,
)
binary_strings = result.stdout
except (subprocess.SubprocessError, FileNotFoundError):
binary_strings = ""
try:
with open(executable_path, "rb") as f:
raw = f.read()
binary_strings = raw.decode("ascii", errors="ignore")
except Exception:
pass
for pattern, label in secret_patterns:
matches = re.findall(pattern, binary_strings)
if matches:
findings.append({
"id": "IOS-STATIC-004",
"severity": "High",
"title": f"{label} Found in Binary",
"detail": f"Pattern match for {label}: {len(matches)} occurrence(s) found. "
f"Sample: {matches[0][:60]}...",
"masvs": "MASVS-STORAGE",
"mastg": "MASTG-TEST-0058",
})
# Check for embedded provisioning profile
provision_path = os.path.join(app_path, "embedded.mobileprovision")
if os.path.exists(provision_path):
try:
result = subprocess.run(
["security", "cms", "-D", "-i", provision_path],
capture_output=True, text=True, timeout=30,
)
if "get-task-allow" in result.stdout and "<true/>" in result.stdout:
findings.append({
"id": "IOS-STATIC-005",
"severity": "Medium",
"title": "Debug Entitlement Enabled (get-task-allow)",
"detail": "The provisioning profile has get-task-allow=true, "
"indicating a development/debug build that allows attaching debuggers.",
"masvs": "MASVS-RESILIENCE",
"mastg": "MASTG-TEST-0083",
})
except (subprocess.SubprocessError, FileNotFoundError):
pass
# Check for unprotected frameworks
frameworks_dir = os.path.join(app_path, "Frameworks")
if os.path.isdir(frameworks_dir):
frameworks = [f for f in os.listdir(frameworks_dir) if f.endswith(".framework")]
if frameworks:
findings.append({
"id": "IOS-STATIC-006",
"severity": "Informational",
"title": "Embedded Frameworks Inventory",
"detail": f"App embeds {len(frameworks)} frameworks: {', '.join(frameworks[:10])}. "
"Review for known vulnerable versions.",
"masvs": "MASVS-RESILIENCE",
"mastg": "MASTG-TEST-0083",
})
logger.info("Static analysis complete: %d findings", len(findings))
return findings
def run_frida_script(target_bundle, script_source, device_type="usb", timeout_sec=30):
"""Execute a Frida script against a target iOS application."""
messages = []
try:
import frida
except ImportError:
logger.error("Frida Python bindings not installed: pip install frida")
return messages
def on_message(message, data):
if message["type"] == "send":
payload = message["payload"]
messages.append(payload)
logger.info("Frida: %s", payload)
elif message["type"] == "error":
logger.error("Frida error: %s", message.get("description", ""))
try:
if device_type == "usb":
device = frida.get_usb_device(timeout=10)
elif device_type == "remote":
device = frida.get_remote_device()
else:
device = frida.get_local_device()
logger.info("Attached to device: %s", device.name)
# Try to attach to running process first
try:
pid = device.get_process(target_bundle).pid
session = device.attach(pid)
logger.info("Attached to running process PID %d", pid)
except frida.ProcessNotFoundError:
# Spawn the app
pid = device.spawn([target_bundle])
session = device.attach(pid)
device.resume(pid)
logger.info("Spawned and attached to PID %d", pid)
script = session.create_script(script_source)
script.on("message", on_message)
script.load()
import time
time.sleep(timeout_sec)
script.unload()
session.detach()
except Exception as e:
logger.error("Frida execution failed: %s", e)
messages.append({"error": str(e)})
return messages
def run_objection_command(bundle_id, command):
"""Execute an Objection command against a target app."""
try:
result = subprocess.run(
["objection", "--gadget", bundle_id, "run", command],
capture_output=True, text=True, timeout=60,
)
return {"command": command, "stdout": result.stdout, "stderr": result.stderr,
"returncode": result.returncode}
except FileNotFoundError:
logger.error("Objection not found: pip install objection")
return {"command": command, "error": "objection not installed"}
except subprocess.TimeoutExpired:
logger.warning("Objection command timed out: %s", command)
return {"command": command, "error": "timeout"}
def assess_keychain_security(bundle_id):
"""Dump and analyze keychain items for insecure storage practices."""
findings = []
result = run_objection_command(bundle_id, "ios keychain dump --json")
if result.get("error"):
logger.warning("Keychain dump failed: %s", result.get("error"))
return findings
try:
items = json.loads(result["stdout"])
except (json.JSONDecodeError, KeyError):
logger.warning("Could not parse keychain dump output")
return findings
insecure_accessibility = [
"kSecAttrAccessibleAlways",
"kSecAttrAccessibleAlwaysThisDeviceOnly",
"kSecAttrAccessibleAfterFirstUnlock",
]
for item in items:
accessible = item.get("accessible", "")
if any(a in accessible for a in insecure_accessibility):
findings.append({
"id": "IOS-KEYCHAIN-001",
"severity": "High",
"title": "Insecure Keychain Accessibility Attribute",
"detail": f"Keychain item '{item.get('service', 'unknown')}' uses "
f"accessibility '{accessible}'. Data may be accessible "
"without device unlock.",
"masvs": "MASVS-STORAGE",
"mastg": "MASTG-TEST-0055",
})
# Check for unprotected password items
if item.get("class") == "genp" and not item.get("accessControl"):
findings.append({
"id": "IOS-KEYCHAIN-002",
"severity": "Medium",
"title": "Keychain Password Without Access Control",
"detail": f"Generic password '{item.get('service', 'unknown')}' lacks "
"biometric or passcode access control constraints.",
"masvs": "MASVS-STORAGE",
"mastg": "MASTG-TEST-0055",
})
logger.info("Keychain analysis: %d findings from %d items", len(findings), len(items))
return findings
def generate_report(findings, target_app, output_path):
"""Generate comprehensive iOS security assessment report."""
critical = [f for f in findings if f.get("severity") == "Critical"]
high = [f for f in findings if f.get("severity") == "High"]
medium = [f for f in findings if f.get("severity") == "Medium"]
low = [f for f in findings if f.get("severity") in ("Low", "Informational")]
report = {
"assessment": "iOS Application Security Assessment",
"target": target_app,
"timestamp": datetime.utcnow().isoformat(),
"summary": {
"total_findings": len(findings),
"critical": len(critical),
"high": len(high),
"medium": len(medium),
"low_informational": len(low),
},
"findings": findings,
}
with open(output_path, "w") as f:
json.dump(report, f, indent=2)
logger.info("Report saved to %s (%d findings)", output_path, len(findings))
return report
def main():
parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(
description="iOS App Security Assessment Agent - Frida/Objection-based testing"
)
parser.add_argument("--bundle-id", help="Target app bundle identifier (e.g., com.target.app)")
parser.add_argument("--ipa", help="Path to IPA file for static analysis")
parser.add_argument("--device", choices=["usb", "remote", "local"], default="usb",
help="Frida device type (default: usb)")
parser.add_argument("--ssl-bypass", action="store_true",
help="Run SSL pinning bypass script")
parser.add_argument("--keychain", action="store_true",
help="Dump and analyze keychain security")
parser.add_argument("--jailbreak-bypass", action="store_true",
help="Run jailbreak detection bypass")
parser.add_argument("--frida-timeout", type=int, default=30,
help="Frida script execution timeout in seconds")
parser.add_argument("--output", default="ios_assessment_report.json",
help="Output report file path")
parser.add_argument("--output-dir", default=".",
help="Directory for extracted IPA and artifacts")
args = parser.parse_args()
if not args.bundle_id and not args.ipa:
parser.error("Provide --bundle-id for dynamic testing or --ipa for static analysis")
findings = []
# Static analysis of IPA
if args.ipa:
logger.info("=== IPA Static Analysis ===")
findings.extend(analyze_ipa_static(args.ipa, args.output_dir))
# Dynamic analysis with Frida/Objection
if args.bundle_id:
if args.ssl_bypass:
logger.info("=== SSL Pinning Bypass ===")
msgs = run_frida_script(args.bundle_id, SSL_PINNING_BYPASS_SCRIPT,
args.device, args.frida_timeout)
if any("success" in str(m).lower() for m in msgs):
findings.append({
"id": "IOS-NET-001",
"severity": "Informational",
"title": "SSL Pinning Successfully Bypassed",
"detail": "Certificate pinning was bypassed using Frida hooks on "
"SecTrustEvaluate, SecTrustEvaluateWithError, and framework-specific "
"trust evaluation methods. Traffic can be intercepted via proxy.",
"masvs": "MASVS-NETWORK",
"mastg": "MASTG-TEST-0068",
})
if args.jailbreak_bypass:
logger.info("=== Jailbreak Detection Bypass ===")
msgs = run_frida_script(args.bundle_id, JAILBREAK_DETECTION_BYPASS_SCRIPT,
args.device, args.frida_timeout)
if any("bypass" in str(m).lower() for m in msgs):
findings.append({
"id": "IOS-RES-001",
"severity": "Medium",
"title": "Jailbreak Detection Bypassed at Runtime",
"detail": "Jailbreak detection checks (file existence, URL scheme, fork) "
"were all bypassed using Frida method hooks.",
"masvs": "MASVS-RESILIENCE",
"mastg": "MASTG-TEST-0079",
})
if args.keychain:
logger.info("=== Keychain Security Analysis ===")
findings.extend(assess_keychain_security(args.bundle_id))
target_name = args.bundle_id or args.ipa or "unknown"
report = generate_report(findings, target_name, args.output)
print(json.dumps(report["summary"], indent=2))
if __name__ == "__main__":
main()