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mukul975 886658219f Add MITRE Fight Fraud Framework (F3 v1.1) mappings to fraud-relevant skills 
- Add mitre_f3 frontmatter block to 94 fraud-relevant skills (phishing,
  account takeover, banking malware, BEC, identity/KYC, payment/card fraud,
  money-mule/cash-out, ransomware extortion, DFIR, threat intel)
- Map each skill to F3 v1.1 tactics + precise technique IDs, including the
  two F3-specific tactics ATT&CK lacks: Positioning (FA0001) and
  Monetization (FA0002)
- All 123 F3 v1.1 technique IDs validated against the upstream STIX bundle
  (github.com/center-for-threat-informed-defense/fight-fraud-framework):
  0 invalid IDs, 0 invalid tactics, 0 name mismatches, no placeholder IDs
- mitre_f3 kept as a separate block from mitre_attack (F3 redefines several
  ATT&CK tactics for the fraud context)
- Add docs/mitre-f3-mapping.md schema reference
- Update README: F3 as the 6th framework, dedicated F3 section + badge
2026-06-20 16:06:04 +02:00

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name, description, domain, subdomain, tags, version, author, license, atlas_techniques, nist_ai_rmf, nist_csf, mitre_attack, mitre_f3
name description domain subdomain tags version author license atlas_techniques nist_ai_rmf nist_csf mitre_attack mitre_f3
detecting-qr-code-phishing-with-email-security Detect and prevent QR code phishing (quishing) attacks that bypass traditional email security by embedding malicious URLs in QR code images within emails. cybersecurity phishing-defense
quishing
qr-code
phishing
email-security
image-analysis
ocr
mobile-security
1.0 mahipal Apache-2.0
AML.T0052
AML.T0024
AML.T0035
MEASURE-2.8
MAP-5.1
PR.AT-01
DE.CM-09
RS.CO-02
DE.AE-02
T1566
T1598
T1534
T1036
T1027
version tactics techniques
1.1
reconnaissance
resource-development
initial-access
id name tactic source
T1598 Phishing for Information reconnaissance attack
id name tactic source
T1660 Phishing initial-access attack
id name tactic source
F1020.002 Create Fake Materials: Fake Website resource-development f3
id name tactic source
T1583.001 Acquire Infrastructure: Domains resource-development attack
id name tactic source
F1006.002 Account Takeover: Exposed Login Credential initial-access f3

Detecting QR Code Phishing with Email Security

Overview

QR code phishing (quishing) is a rapidly growing attack vector where malicious URLs are embedded in QR code images within phishing emails. Quishing incidents grew fivefold from 46,000 to 250,000 between August and November 2025, with credential phishing comprising 89.3% of detected incidents. Traditional email security filters struggle because QR codes cannot be read by humans or standard URL scanners, and when scanned, users typically use personal mobile devices that lack corporate security controls. Attackers have evolved to use split QR codes (two separate images), nested QR codes, and ASCII text-based QR codes to evade detection.

When to Use

  • When investigating security incidents that require detecting qr code phishing with email security
  • When building detection rules or threat hunting queries for this domain
  • When SOC analysts need structured procedures for this analysis type
  • When validating security monitoring coverage for related attack techniques

Prerequisites

  • Email security gateway with image analysis capabilities
  • Understanding of QR code structure and encoding
  • Mobile device management (MDM) or mobile threat defense solution
  • Security awareness training program
  • SIEM platform for correlation and alerting

Key Concepts

Why Quishing Works

  1. Bypasses URL Scanners: Traditional gateways scan text-based URLs but cannot decode image-embedded URLs
  2. Shifts to Unprotected Devices: Corporate email arrives on secured systems but QR scan occurs on personal mobile devices
  3. User Trust: QR codes are normalized in daily life (payments, menus, parking)
  4. Low Detection Rate: Only 36% of quishing incidents are accurately identified by recipients

Evasion Techniques (2025)

  • Split QR Codes: QR code divided into two separate images that look benign individually (Gabagool PhaaS kit)
  • Nested QR Codes: QR code within a QR code, with first scan leading to intermediate page
  • ASCII QR Codes: QR rendered as text characters instead of images, bypassing image analysis (12% of attacks in Jan 2026)
  • Styled/Artistic QR Codes: Custom-designed QR codes with logos that evade pattern matching
  • PDF Attachment QR: QR code embedded in PDF attachment rather than email body

Detection Challenges

  • Pattern-based detection faces trade-off: aggressive tuning causes false positives, cautious tuning causes misses
  • Average similarity score of 0.209 between quishing and legitimate QR emails
  • QR codes in image attachments require OCR and deep image processing

Workflow

Step 1: Enable Image-Based Threat Detection

  • Configure email gateway to scan embedded images for QR codes
  • Enable OCR processing on image attachments (PNG, JPG, GIF, BMP)
  • Deploy multimodal AI that combines image processing, OCR, and NLP analysis
  • Configure PDF scanning to detect QR codes within attachments
  • Set up detection for ASCII/text-based QR code rendering

Step 2: Configure QR Code URL Analysis

  • Extract URLs from detected QR codes and submit to URL reputation services
  • Apply same URL scanning policies to QR-extracted URLs as text-based URLs
  • Enable real-time sandbox analysis for QR-decoded destination pages
  • Configure time-of-click protection for QR-extracted URLs where possible
  • Block known phishing domains extracted from QR codes

Step 3: Deploy Mobile-Side Protection

  • Implement mobile threat defense (MTD) with QR code scanning capability
  • Deploy Palo Alto ALFA or equivalent safe-by-design QR scanning
  • Configure MDM policies to warn users before opening scanned URLs
  • Enable corporate VPN/secure browser for QR-scanned destinations
  • Block known credential harvesting domains at the mobile proxy level

Step 4: Build Detection Rules

  • Alert on emails containing only an image and minimal text (common quishing pattern)
  • Flag emails with QR code images from external first-time senders
  • Detect urgency language combined with QR code presence
  • Alert on emails impersonating IT/security team requesting QR scan for MFA setup
  • Monitor for common quishing themes: MFA reset, document signing, voicemail notification

Step 5: Train Users on Quishing Recognition

  • Update security awareness program to include QR code phishing scenarios
  • Conduct quishing simulation campaigns using controlled QR codes
  • Teach users to verify QR destination URLs before entering credentials
  • Establish reporting process for suspicious QR code emails
  • Distribute guidance on safe QR scanning practices

Tools & Resources

  • Barracuda Multimodal AI: OCR + deep image processing for QR detection
  • Palo Alto ALFA: Safe-by-design QR code scanning assessment
  • Microsoft Defender for O365: QR code detection in email images
  • Proofpoint TAP: Image-based threat analysis with QR decoding
  • Lookout/Zimperium: Mobile threat defense with QR scanning

Validation

  • QR code phishing emails detected in controlled testing
  • Split QR code and ASCII QR code evasion techniques caught
  • QR-extracted URLs submitted to sandbox analysis
  • Mobile devices alert on malicious QR destinations
  • User reporting rate for quishing simulations exceeds 50%
  • False positive rate for QR detection below 1%
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