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API Reference: Broken Function Level Authorization (BFLA)
OWASP API5:2023 — Broken Function Level Authorization
Description
API endpoints expose functions that should be restricted to specific roles. Low-privileged users can invoke admin-level functionality.
Common Patterns
| Pattern | Example |
|---|---|
| Guessable admin paths | /api/admin/users |
| Method switching | POST allowed but PUT bypasses auth |
| Role parameter manipulation | {"role": "admin"} in request |
| Vertical privilege escalation | User accessing admin endpoints |
Testing Methodology
Step 1: Discover Endpoints
# From OpenAPI spec
curl https://api.target.com/swagger.json | jq '.paths | keys'
# From JavaScript source
grep -oP '["'"'"']/api/[^"'"'"']+' app.js
Step 2: Test with Low-Priv Token
curl -H "Authorization: Bearer <low_priv_token>" \
https://api.target.com/api/admin/users
Step 3: Test HTTP Method Switching
# If GET returns 403, try POST/PUT/DELETE
curl -X PUT -H "Authorization: Bearer <low_priv_token>" \
https://api.target.com/api/admin/users/1
Python requests Library
Request with Token
headers = {"Authorization": f"Bearer {token}"}
resp = requests.get(url, headers=headers, timeout=10, verify=False)
Method Switching
for method in ["GET", "POST", "PUT", "DELETE", "PATCH"]:
resp = requests.request(method, url, headers=headers, timeout=10)
if resp.status_code < 400:
print(f"Accessible via {method}: {resp.status_code}")
Common Admin Endpoints to Test
/admin
/api/admin
/api/v1/admin/users
/api/internal
/manage
/api/config
/api/debug
/api/users/all
/api/system/settings
/graphql (with admin mutations)
Burp Suite — Authorization Testing
Autorize Extension
- Install Autorize from BApp Store
- Set low-privilege cookie/token
- Browse application as admin
- Autorize replays requests with low-priv token
- Compare responses for authorization bypass
Response Analysis
| Indicator | Meaning |
|---|---|
| 200 with data | Full access (vulnerability) |
| 200 empty body | Possible partial bypass |
| 403 Forbidden | Properly restricted |
| 401 Unauthorized | Auth required |
| 405 Method Not Allowed | Method restricted |