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Standards & References: Analyzing Phishing Email Headers

RFC Standards

  • RFC 5321 (SMTP): Simple Mail Transfer Protocol - defines how email is transmitted and the structure of Received headers
  • RFC 5322 (Internet Message Format): Defines the syntax of email header fields including From, To, Date, Message-ID
  • RFC 7208 (SPF): Sender Policy Framework - mechanism for validating email sender IP against domain policy
  • RFC 6376 (DKIM): DomainKeys Identified Mail - cryptographic authentication of email messages
  • RFC 7489 (DMARC): Domain-based Message Authentication, Reporting and Conformance
  • RFC 8601 (Authentication-Results): Message Header Field for Indicating Message Authentication Status

NIST Guidelines

  • NIST SP 800-177 Rev.1: Trustworthy Email - comprehensive guide to email security including header authentication
  • NIST SP 800-45 Ver.2: Guidelines on Electronic Mail Security

MITRE ATT&CK References

  • T1566.001: Phishing: Spearphishing Attachment
  • T1566.002: Phishing: Spearphishing Link
  • T1566.003: Phishing: Spearphishing via Service
  • T1534: Internal Spearphishing

Industry Standards

  • M3AAWG Best Practices: Messaging, Malware and Mobile Anti-Abuse Working Group email authentication recommendations
  • DMARC.org: Industry consortium for DMARC deployment guidance
  • Anti-Phishing Working Group (APWG): Phishing Activity Trends Reports

Key Header Fields Reference

Header Field RFC Purpose
Received RFC 5321 Records each SMTP hop
From RFC 5322 Display sender address
Return-Path RFC 5321 Envelope sender (bounce address)
Authentication-Results RFC 8601 SPF/DKIM/DMARC results
DKIM-Signature RFC 6376 Cryptographic signature
Message-ID RFC 5322 Unique message identifier
X-Originating-IP Non-standard Sender's IP (provider-specific)
X-Mailer Non-standard Email client identification

Compliance Frameworks

  • PCI DSS 4.0: Requirement 5 - Protect All Systems and Networks from Malicious Software
  • ISO 27001:2022: A.8.23 - Web filtering; A.5.14 - Information transfer
  • SOC 2: CC6.1 - Logical and Physical Access Controls