API Security Posture Management (API-SPM) provides continuous visibility into an organization's API attack surface by automatically discovering, classifying, and risk-scoring all APIs including internal, external, partner, and shadow endpoints. Unlike point-in-time testing tools, API-SPM operates continuously to detect configuration drift, policy violations, missing security controls, sensitive data exposure, and compliance gaps. It aggregates findings from DAST, SAST, SCA, and runtime monitoring tools to provide a unified view of API risk posture across the organization.
#!/usr/bin/env python3
"""API Security Posture Management Engine
Continuously discovers, classifies, and risk-scores APIs
to maintain a comprehensive security posture inventory.
"""
import json
import re
import hashlib
from datetime import datetime, timedelta
from typing import Dict, List, Optional, Set
from dataclasses import dataclass, field
from enum import Enum
class APIClassification(Enum):
EXTERNAL = "external"
INTERNAL = "internal"
PARTNER = "partner"
SHADOW = "shadow"
DEPRECATED = "deprecated"
class RiskLevel(Enum):
CRITICAL = 4
HIGH = 3
MEDIUM = 2
LOW = 1
INFO = 0
@dataclass
class SecurityControl:
name: str
present: bool
required: bool
severity: RiskLevel
details: str = ""
@dataclass
class APIEndpoint:
api_id: str
method: str
path: str
service_name: str
classification: APIClassification
owner: Optional[str] = None
version: Optional[str] = None
first_discovered: str = ""
last_seen: str = ""
documented: bool = False
security_controls: List[SecurityControl] = field(default_factory=list)
risk_score: float = 0.0
sensitive_data_types: Set[str] = field(default_factory=set)
compliance_tags: Set[str] = field(default_factory=set)
traffic_volume_daily: int = 0
class APIPostureManager:
SENSITIVE_PATTERNS = {
"ssn": re.compile(r'\b\d{3}-\d{2}-\d{4}\b'),
"credit_card": re.compile(r'\b\d{4}[- ]?\d{4}[- ]?\d{4}[- ]?\d{4}\b'),
"email": re.compile(r'\b[A-Za-z0-9._%+-]+@[A-Za-z0-9.-]+\.[A-Z|a-z]{2,}\b'),
"api_key": re.compile(r'\b[A-Za-z0-9]{32,}\b'),
"jwt": re.compile(r'eyJ[A-Za-z0-9_-]+\.eyJ[A-Za-z0-9_-]+\.[A-Za-z0-9_-]+'),
"phone": re.compile(r'\b\+?1?\d{10,15}\b'),
}
def __init__(self):
self.inventory: Dict[str, APIEndpoint] = {}
self.policy_rules: List[dict] = []
def generate_api_id(self, method: str, path: str, service: str) -> str:
raw = f"{service}:{method}:{path}"
return hashlib.sha256(raw.encode()).hexdigest()[:16]
def register_api(self, method: str, path: str, service_name: str,
classification: APIClassification,
documented: bool = False, owner: str = None) -> APIEndpoint:
api_id = self.generate_api_id(method, path, service_name)
now = datetime.now().isoformat()
if api_id in self.inventory:
endpoint = self.inventory[api_id]
endpoint.last_seen = now
return endpoint
endpoint = APIEndpoint(
api_id=api_id,
method=method,
path=path,
service_name=service_name,
classification=classification,
owner=owner,
first_discovered=now,
last_seen=now,
documented=documented
)
self.inventory[api_id] = endpoint
return endpoint
def assess_security_controls(self, endpoint: APIEndpoint,
traffic_sample: dict) -> List[SecurityControl]:
"""Evaluate security controls present on an API endpoint."""
controls = []
# Authentication check
has_auth = any(h in traffic_sample.get('request_headers', {})
for h in ['Authorization', 'X-API-Key', 'Cookie'])
controls.append(SecurityControl(
name="authentication",
present=has_auth,
required=True,
severity=RiskLevel.CRITICAL,
details="No authentication mechanism detected" if not has_auth else "Authentication present"
))
# TLS/HTTPS check
is_https = traffic_sample.get('scheme', '').lower() == 'https'
controls.append(SecurityControl(
name="transport_encryption",
present=is_https,
required=True,
severity=RiskLevel.CRITICAL,
details="API accessible over HTTP without TLS" if not is_https else "HTTPS enforced"
))
# Rate limiting check
has_rate_limit = any(h.startswith('X-RateLimit') or h == 'Retry-After'
for h in traffic_sample.get('response_headers', {}).keys())
controls.append(SecurityControl(
name="rate_limiting",
present=has_rate_limit,
required=True,
severity=RiskLevel.HIGH,
details="No rate limiting headers detected" if not has_rate_limit else "Rate limiting active"
))
# CORS policy check
cors_origin = traffic_sample.get('response_headers', {}).get('Access-Control-Allow-Origin', '')
has_strict_cors = cors_origin and cors_origin != '*'
controls.append(SecurityControl(
name="cors_policy",
present=has_strict_cors,
required=endpoint.classification == APIClassification.EXTERNAL,
severity=RiskLevel.HIGH if cors_origin == '*' else RiskLevel.MEDIUM,
details=f"CORS origin: {cors_origin}" if cors_origin else "No CORS headers"
))
# Security headers
sec_headers = traffic_sample.get('response_headers', {})
required_headers = {
'X-Content-Type-Options': 'nosniff',
'Strict-Transport-Security': None,
'X-Frame-Options': None,
'Cache-Control': 'no-store',
}
missing = [h for h in required_headers if h not in sec_headers]
controls.append(SecurityControl(
name="security_headers",
present=len(missing) == 0,
required=True,
severity=RiskLevel.MEDIUM,
details=f"Missing headers: {', '.join(missing)}" if missing else "All security headers present"
))
# Input validation (check for schema validation errors in logs)
has_validation = traffic_sample.get('has_schema_validation', False)
controls.append(SecurityControl(
name="input_validation",
present=has_validation,
required=True,
severity=RiskLevel.HIGH,
details="No schema validation detected" if not has_validation else "Input validation active"
))
endpoint.security_controls = controls
return controls
def calculate_risk_score(self, endpoint: APIEndpoint) -> float:
"""Calculate a composite risk score (0-100) for an API endpoint."""
score = 0.0
max_score = 0.0
# Security controls scoring
for control in endpoint.security_controls:
weight = control.severity.value * 5
max_score += weight
if not control.present and control.required:
score += weight
# Classification risk multiplier
classification_weights = {
APIClassification.EXTERNAL: 1.5,
APIClassification.PARTNER: 1.3,
APIClassification.SHADOW: 2.0,
APIClassification.DEPRECATED: 1.8,
APIClassification.INTERNAL: 1.0,
}
multiplier = classification_weights.get(endpoint.classification, 1.0)
# Documentation penalty
if not endpoint.documented:
score += 10
# Sensitive data penalty
score += len(endpoint.sensitive_data_types) * 5
# Normalize to 0-100
if max_score > 0:
normalized = min(100, (score / max_score) * 100 * multiplier)
else:
normalized = 0
endpoint.risk_score = round(normalized, 1)
return endpoint.risk_score
def generate_posture_report(self) -> dict:
"""Generate organization-wide API security posture report."""
total = len(self.inventory)
if total == 0:
return {"error": "No APIs in inventory"}
risk_distribution = {level.name: 0 for level in RiskLevel}
classification_counts = {c.value: 0 for c in APIClassification}
undocumented = 0
missing_auth = 0
missing_tls = 0
for endpoint in self.inventory.values():
self.calculate_risk_score(endpoint)
if endpoint.risk_score >= 75:
risk_distribution["CRITICAL"] += 1
elif endpoint.risk_score >= 50:
risk_distribution["HIGH"] += 1
elif endpoint.risk_score >= 25:
risk_distribution["MEDIUM"] += 1
else:
risk_distribution["LOW"] += 1
classification_counts[endpoint.classification.value] += 1
if not endpoint.documented:
undocumented += 1
for control in endpoint.security_controls:
if control.name == "authentication" and not control.present:
missing_auth += 1
if control.name == "transport_encryption" and not control.present:
missing_tls += 1
avg_risk = sum(e.risk_score for e in self.inventory.values()) / total
return {
"report_date": datetime.now().isoformat(),
"total_apis": total,
"average_risk_score": round(avg_risk, 1),
"risk_distribution": risk_distribution,
"classification": classification_counts,
"undocumented_apis": undocumented,
"missing_authentication": missing_auth,
"missing_tls": missing_tls,
"top_risks": sorted(
[{"api_id": e.api_id, "method": e.method, "path": e.path,
"service": e.service_name, "risk_score": e.risk_score,
"classification": e.classification.value}
for e in self.inventory.values()],
key=lambda x: x["risk_score"],
reverse=True
)[:20]
}
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