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API Reference: Post-Quantum Cryptography Migration

NIST PQC Standards Summary

FIPS 203 -- ML-KEM (Module-Lattice-Based Key-Encapsulation Mechanism)

Formerly CRYSTALS-Kyber. Primary standard for key exchange and encryption.

Security Levels:

Parameter Set NIST Level Public Key Ciphertext Shared Secret
ML-KEM-512 Level 1 800 B 768 B 32 B
ML-KEM-768 Level 3 1,184 B 1,088 B 32 B
ML-KEM-1024 Level 5 1,568 B 1,568 B 32 B

Operations:

  • KeyGen() -> (ek, dk) -- Generate encapsulation/decapsulation key pair
  • Encaps(ek) -> (K, c) -- Encapsulate: produce shared secret K and ciphertext c
  • Decaps(dk, c) -> K -- Decapsulate: recover shared secret K from ciphertext

Python (mlkem library):

from mlkem.ml_kem import ML_KEM

ml_kem = ML_KEM(768)  # ML-KEM-768
ek, dk = ml_kem.key_gen()
shared_secret, ciphertext = ml_kem.encaps(ek)
recovered_secret = ml_kem.decaps(dk, ciphertext)
assert shared_secret == recovered_secret

OpenSSL 3.5+ (native):

# Generate ML-KEM-768 key pair
openssl genpkey -algorithm mlkem768 -out mlkem768_key.pem

# Display key details
openssl pkey -in mlkem768_key.pem -text -noout

# Extract public key
openssl pkey -in mlkem768_key.pem -pubout -out mlkem768_pub.pem

FIPS 204 -- ML-DSA (Module-Lattice-Based Digital Signature Algorithm)

Formerly CRYSTALS-Dilithium. Primary standard for digital signatures.

Security Levels:

Parameter Set NIST Level Public Key Secret Key Signature
ML-DSA-44 Level 2 1,312 B 2,560 B 2,420 B
ML-DSA-65 Level 3 1,952 B 4,032 B 3,293 B
ML-DSA-87 Level 5 2,592 B 4,896 B 4,595 B

Operations:

  • KeyGen() -> (pk, sk) -- Generate signing/verification key pair
  • Sign(sk, M) -> sigma -- Sign message M with secret key
  • Verify(pk, M, sigma) -> bool -- Verify signature on message

OpenSSL 3.5+ (native):

# Generate ML-DSA-65 key pair
openssl genpkey -algorithm mldsa65 -out mldsa65_key.pem

# Extract public key
openssl pkey -in mldsa65_key.pem -pubout -out mldsa65_pub.pem

# Sign a file
openssl dgst -sign mldsa65_key.pem -out signature.bin message.txt

# Verify signature
openssl dgst -verify mldsa65_pub.pem -signature signature.bin message.txt

FIPS 205 -- SLH-DSA (Stateless Hash-Based Digital Signature Algorithm)

Formerly SPHINCS+. Backup signature standard using conservative hash-based approach.

Parameter Sets (SHA2 variants):

Parameter Set NIST Level Public Key Signature (fast) Signature (small)
SLH-DSA-128 Level 1 32 B 17,088 B 7,856 B
SLH-DSA-192 Level 3 48 B 35,664 B 16,224 B
SLH-DSA-256 Level 5 64 B 49,856 B 29,792 B

Variants: Each level has fast (f) and small (s) variants with SHA2 or SHAKE hash.

Hybrid TLS Configuration

X25519MLKEM768 Key Exchange

The hybrid key exchange combines classical X25519 ECDH with ML-KEM-768 post-quantum KEM. Both must be broken for the handshake to be compromised.

Apache httpd:

# httpd.conf or ssl.conf
SSLEngine on
SSLProtocol -all +TLSv1.2 +TLSv1.3
SSLOpenSSLConfCmd Curves X25519MLKEM768:X25519:prime256v1
SSLCertificateFile /etc/ssl/certs/server.crt
SSLCertificateKeyFile /etc/ssl/private/server.key

NGINX:

server {
    listen 443 ssl;
    ssl_protocols TLSv1.2 TLSv1.3;
    ssl_ecdh_curve X25519MLKEM768:X25519:prime256v1;
    ssl_prefer_server_ciphers on;
    ssl_certificate /etc/ssl/certs/server.crt;
    ssl_certificate_key /etc/ssl/private/server.key;
}

Verification:

# Test hybrid TLS connection
openssl s_client -connect server.example.com:443 -groups X25519MLKEM768

# Verify negotiated group
# Look for "Server Temp Key: X25519MLKEM768" in output

oqs-provider for OpenSSL 3.0+

Installation

# Clone and build oqs-provider
git clone https://github.com/open-quantum-safe/oqs-provider.git
cd oqs-provider
mkdir build && cd build
cmake -DCMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX=/usr/local ..
make -j$(nproc)
sudo make install

Configuration

# /etc/ssl/openssl-oqs.cnf
openssl_conf = openssl_init

[openssl_init]
providers = provider_sect
ssl_conf = ssl_sect

[provider_sect]
default = default_sect
oqsprovider = oqsprovider_sect

[default_sect]
activate = 1

[oqsprovider_sect]
activate = 1
module = /usr/lib/oqs-provider/oqsprovider.so

[ssl_sect]
system_default = system_default_sect

[system_default_sect]
Groups = x25519_mlkem768:X25519:P-256:P-384
MinProtocol = TLSv1.2

Usage

# Set environment variable
export OPENSSL_CONF=/etc/ssl/openssl-oqs.cnf

# List available PQC algorithms
openssl list -kem-algorithms | grep -i ml
openssl list -signature-algorithms | grep -i ml

# Generate PQC key pair
openssl genpkey -algorithm mlkem768 -out key.pem

# Test hybrid TLS
openssl s_client -connect server:443 -groups x25519_mlkem768

Cryptographic Inventory Scanning

NIST SP 1800-38 Discovery Architecture

+------------------+     +------------------+     +------------------+
| Source Code Scan | --> |                  | --> | Risk Assessment  |
+------------------+    | Central Analysis |     +------------------+
+------------------+    |     Engine       |            |
| Binary Analysis  | -->|  (Normalization  |     +------------------+
+------------------+    |  & Correlation)  |     | Migration        |
+------------------+    |                  |     | Prioritization   |
| Network Traffic  | -->|                  |     +------------------+
+------------------+    +------------------+
+------------------+
| Certificate Scan | -->
+------------------+

Discovery Domains

Domain What to Scan Tools
CI/CD Pipeline Source code, build configs, dependencies SCA tools, Semgrep
Operational Systems Running services, installed libraries, key stores NIST SP 1800-38B tools
Network Services TLS endpoints, VPN configs, IPsec tunnels This agent, sslyze, testssl
Certificates CA chains, code signing certs, TLS certificates cert-manager, openssl

Quantum-Vulnerable Algorithm Reference

Algorithm NIST Status (IR 8547) Quantum Threat Replacement
RSA (all sizes) Deprecated 2030, removed 2035 Shor's algorithm ML-KEM (encryption), ML-DSA (signing)
ECDH / ECDHE Deprecated 2030, removed 2035 Shor's algorithm ML-KEM / X25519MLKEM768 hybrid
ECDSA Deprecated 2030, removed 2035 Shor's algorithm ML-DSA
DSA Already deprecated Shor's algorithm ML-DSA
DH / DHE Deprecated 2030, removed 2035 Shor's algorithm ML-KEM
AES-128 Acceptable with caveat Grover's halves to 64-bit AES-256
AES-256 Quantum-safe Grover's reduces to 128-bit No change needed
SHA-256 Quantum-safe Grover's reduces to 128-bit No change needed
SHA-3 Quantum-safe Grover's reduces to 128-bit No change needed

MITRE ATT&CK Relevance

Technique ID PQC Relevance
Adversary-in-the-Middle T1557 Quantum computers can break key exchange in recorded sessions
Encrypted Channel T1573 Harvest-now-decrypt-later targets encrypted C2 traffic
Steal Application Access Token T1528 Quantum computers can forge digital signatures
Forge Web Credentials T1606 Quantum computers can break certificate private keys

References

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