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mukul975 cb8d79e068 Map all 754 skills to MITRE ATT&CK v19.1 
- Add validated mitre_attack frontmatter to all 754 skills (286 distinct
  techniques), verified against MITRE ATT&CK v19.1 via the official
  mitreattack-python library: 0 revoked, deprecated, or invalid IDs
- Curate precise per-skill technique IDs for forensics, malware-analysis,
  threat-intel, and red-team skills (e.g. DCSync -> T1003.006,
  Kerberoasting -> T1558.003, Pass-the-Ticket -> T1550.003)
- Reconcile v19.1 tactic restructuring: Defense Evasion split into
  Stealth (TA0005) and Defense Impairment (TA0112); revoked T1562.*
  family and T1070.001/.002 remapped to active equivalents (T1685.*)
- Normalize word-split tags across 35 skills (remove filename-derived
  stopword tags, add semantic cybersecurity tags)
- Add api-reference.md for 3 skills that were missing it
- Update README ATT&CK section with accurate v19.1 tactic distribution
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---
name: analyzing-browser-forensics-with-hindsight
description: Analyze Chromium-based browser artifacts using Hindsight to extract browsing
history, downloads, cookies, cached content, autofill data, saved passwords, and
browser extensions from Chrome, Edge, Brave, and Opera for forensic investigation.
domain: cybersecurity
subdomain: digital-forensics
tags:
- browser-forensics
- hindsight
- chrome-forensics
- chromium
- edge
- browsing-history
- cookies
- downloads
- cache
- web-artifacts
version: '1.0'
author: mahipal
license: Apache-2.0
nist_csf:
- RS.AN-01
- RS.AN-03
- DE.AE-02
- RS.MA-01
mitre_attack:
- T1217
- T1539
- T1555.003
- T1185
---
# Analyzing Browser Forensics with Hindsight
## Overview
Hindsight is an open-source browser forensics tool designed to parse artifacts from Google Chrome and other Chromium-based browsers (Microsoft Edge, Brave, Opera, Vivaldi). It extracts and correlates data from multiple browser database files to create a unified timeline of web activity. Hindsight can parse URLs, download history, cache records, bookmarks, autofill records, saved passwords, preferences, browser extensions, HTTP cookies, Local Storage (HTML5 cookies), login data, and session/tab information. The tool produces chronological timelines in multiple output formats (XLSX, JSON, SQLite) that enable investigators to reconstruct user web activity for incident response, insider threat investigations, and criminal cases.
## When to Use
- When investigating security incidents that require analyzing browser forensics with hindsight
- When building detection rules or threat hunting queries for this domain
- When SOC analysts need structured procedures for this analysis type
- When validating security monitoring coverage for related attack techniques
## Prerequisites
- Python 3.8+ with Hindsight installed (`pip install pyhindsight`)
- Access to browser profile directories from forensic image
- Browser profile data (not encrypted with OS-level encryption)
- Timeline Explorer or spreadsheet application for analysis
## Browser Profile Locations
| Browser | Windows Profile Path |
|---------|---------------------|
| Chrome | %LOCALAPPDATA%\Google\Chrome\User Data\Default\ |
| Edge | %LOCALAPPDATA%\Microsoft\Edge\User Data\Default\ |
| Brave | %LOCALAPPDATA%\BraveSoftware\Brave-Browser\User Data\Default\ |
| Opera | %APPDATA%\Opera Software\Opera Stable\ |
| Vivaldi | %LOCALAPPDATA%\Vivaldi\User Data\Default\ |
| Chrome (macOS) | ~/Library/Application Support/Google/Chrome/Default/ |
| Chrome (Linux) | ~/.config/google-chrome/Default/ |
## Key Artifact Files
| File | Contents |
|------|----------|
| History | URL visits, downloads, keyword searches |
| Cookies | HTTP cookies with domain, expiry, values |
| Web Data | Autofill entries, saved credit cards |
| Login Data | Saved usernames/passwords (encrypted) |
| Bookmarks | JSON bookmark tree |
| Preferences | Browser configuration and extensions |
| Local Storage/ | HTML5 Local Storage per domain |
| Session Storage/ | Session-specific storage per domain |
| Network Action Predictor | Previously typed URLs |
| Shortcuts | Omnibox shortcuts and predictions |
| Top Sites | Frequently visited sites |
## Running Hindsight
### Command Line
```bash
# Basic analysis of a Chrome profile
hindsight.exe -i "C:\Evidence\Users\suspect\AppData\Local\Google\Chrome\User Data\Default" -o C:\Output\chrome_analysis
# Specify browser type
hindsight.exe -i "/path/to/profile" -o /output/analysis -b Chrome
# JSON output format
hindsight.exe -i "C:\Evidence\Chrome\Default" -o C:\Output\chrome --format jsonl
# With cache parsing (slower but more complete)
hindsight.exe -i "C:\Evidence\Chrome\Default" -o C:\Output\chrome --cache
```
### Web UI
```bash
# Start Hindsight web interface
hindsight_gui.exe
# Navigate to http://localhost:8080
# Upload or point to browser profile directory
# Configure output format and analysis options
# Generate and download report
```
## Artifact Analysis Details
### URL History and Visits
```sql
-- Chrome History database schema (key tables)
-- urls table: id, url, title, visit_count, typed_count, last_visit_time
-- visits table: id, url, visit_time, from_visit, transition, segment_id
-- Timestamps are Chrome/WebKit format: microseconds since 1601-01-01
-- Convert: datetime((visit_time/1000000)-11644473600, 'unixepoch')
```
### Download History
```sql
-- downloads table: id, current_path, target_path, start_time, end_time,
-- received_bytes, total_bytes, state, danger_type, interrupt_reason,
-- url, referrer, tab_url, mime_type, original_mime_type
```
### Cookie Analysis
```sql
-- cookies table: creation_utc, host_key, name, value, encrypted_value,
-- path, expires_utc, is_secure, is_httponly, last_access_utc,
-- has_expires, is_persistent, priority, samesite
```
## Python Analysis Script
```python
import sqlite3
import os
import json
import sys
from datetime import datetime, timedelta
CHROME_EPOCH = datetime(1601, 1, 1)
def chrome_time_to_datetime(chrome_ts: int):
"""Convert Chrome timestamp to datetime."""
if chrome_ts == 0:
return None
try:
return CHROME_EPOCH + timedelta(microseconds=chrome_ts)
except (OverflowError, OSError):
return None
def analyze_chrome_history(profile_path: str, output_dir: str) -> dict:
"""Analyze Chrome History database for forensic evidence."""
history_db = os.path.join(profile_path, "History")
if not os.path.exists(history_db):
return {"error": "History database not found"}
os.makedirs(output_dir, exist_ok=True)
conn = sqlite3.connect(f"file:{history_db}?mode=ro", uri=True)
# URL visits with timestamps
cursor = conn.cursor()
cursor.execute("""
SELECT u.url, u.title, v.visit_time, u.visit_count,
v.transition & 0xFF as transition_type
FROM visits v JOIN urls u ON v.url = u.id
ORDER BY v.visit_time DESC LIMIT 5000
""")
visits = [{
"url": r[0], "title": r[1],
"visit_time": str(chrome_time_to_datetime(r[2])),
"total_visits": r[3], "transition": r[4]
} for r in cursor.fetchall()]
# Downloads
cursor.execute("""
SELECT target_path, tab_url, start_time, end_time,
received_bytes, total_bytes, mime_type, state
FROM downloads ORDER BY start_time DESC LIMIT 1000
""")
downloads = [{
"path": r[0], "source_url": r[1],
"start_time": str(chrome_time_to_datetime(r[2])),
"end_time": str(chrome_time_to_datetime(r[3])),
"received_bytes": r[4], "total_bytes": r[5],
"mime_type": r[6], "state": r[7]
} for r in cursor.fetchall()]
# Keyword searches
cursor.execute("""
SELECT k.term, u.url, k.url_id
FROM keyword_search_terms k JOIN urls u ON k.url_id = u.id
ORDER BY u.last_visit_time DESC LIMIT 1000
""")
searches = [{"term": r[0], "url": r[1]} for r in cursor.fetchall()]
conn.close()
report = {
"analysis_timestamp": datetime.now().isoformat(),
"profile_path": profile_path,
"total_visits": len(visits),
"total_downloads": len(downloads),
"total_searches": len(searches),
"visits": visits,
"downloads": downloads,
"searches": searches
}
report_path = os.path.join(output_dir, "browser_forensics.json")
with open(report_path, "w") as f:
json.dump(report, f, indent=2)
return report
def main():
if len(sys.argv) < 3:
print("Usage: python process.py <chrome_profile_path> <output_dir>")
sys.exit(1)
analyze_chrome_history(sys.argv[1], sys.argv[2])
if __name__ == "__main__":
main()
```
## References
- Hindsight GitHub: https://github.com/obsidianforensics/hindsight
- Chrome Forensics Guide: https://allenace.medium.com/hindsight-chrome-forensics-made-simple-425db99fa5ed
- Browser Forensics Tools: https://www.cyberforensicacademy.com/blog/browser-forensics-tools-how-to-extract-user-activity
- Chromium Source (History): https://source.chromium.org/chromium/chromium/src/+/main:components/history/
## Example Output
```text
$ python hindsight.py -i /evidence/chrome-profile -o /analysis/hindsight_output
Hindsight v2024.01 - Chrome/Chromium Browser Forensic Analysis
================================================================
Profile: /evidence/chrome-profile (Chrome 120.0.6099.130)
OS: Windows 10
[+] Parsing History database...
URL records: 12,456
Download records: 234
Search terms: 567
[+] Parsing Cookies database...
Cookie records: 8,923
Encrypted cookies: 6,712
[+] Parsing Web Data (Autofill)...
Autofill entries: 1,234
Credit card entries: 2 (encrypted)
[+] Parsing Login Data...
Saved credentials: 45 (encrypted)
[+] Parsing Bookmarks...
Bookmark entries: 189
--- Browsing History (Last 10 Entries) ---
Timestamp (UTC) | URL | Title | Visit Count
2024-01-15 14:32:05.123 | https://mail.corporate.com/inbox | Corporate Mail | 45
2024-01-15 14:33:12.456 | https://drive.google.com/file/d/1aBcDe... | Q4_Financial_Report.xlsx | 1
2024-01-15 14:35:44.789 | https://mega.nz/folder/xYz123 | MEGA - Secure Cloud | 3
2024-01-15 14:36:01.234 | https://mega.nz/folder/xYz123#upload | MEGA - Upload | 8
2024-01-15 14:42:15.567 | https://pastebin.com/raw/kL9mN2pQ | Pastebin (raw) | 1
2024-01-15 15:01:33.890 | https://192.168.1.50:8443/admin | Admin Panel | 12
2024-01-15 15:15:22.111 | https://transfer.sh/upload | transfer.sh | 2
2024-01-15 15:30:45.222 | https://vpn-gateway.corporate.com | VPN Login | 5
2024-01-15 16:00:00.333 | https://whatismyipaddress.com | What Is My IP | 1
2024-01-15 16:05:12.444 | https://protonmail.com/inbox | ProtonMail | 3
--- Downloads (Suspicious) ---
Timestamp (UTC) | Filename | URL Source | Size
2024-01-15 14:33:15.000 | Q4_Financial_Report.xlsm | https://phish-domain.com/docs/report | 245 KB
2024-01-15 14:34:02.000 | update_client.exe | https://cdn.evil-updates.com/client.exe | 1.2 MB
--- Cookies (Session Tokens) ---
Domain | Name | Expires | Secure | HttpOnly
.corporate.com | SESSION_ID | 2024-01-16 14:32 | Yes | Yes
.mega.nz | session | Session | Yes | Yes
.protonmail.com | AUTH-TOKEN | 2024-02-15 00:00 | Yes | Yes
Report saved to: /analysis/hindsight_output/Hindsight_Report.xlsx
```
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