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mukul975
256 lines
8.6 KiB
Markdown
256 lines
8.6 KiB
Markdown
# API Reference: Post-Quantum Cryptography Migration
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## NIST PQC Standards Summary
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### FIPS 203 -- ML-KEM (Module-Lattice-Based Key-Encapsulation Mechanism)
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Formerly CRYSTALS-Kyber. Primary standard for key exchange and encryption.
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**Security Levels:**
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| Parameter Set | NIST Level | Public Key | Ciphertext | Shared Secret |
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|---------------|-----------|------------|------------|---------------|
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| ML-KEM-512 | Level 1 | 800 B | 768 B | 32 B |
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| ML-KEM-768 | Level 3 | 1,184 B | 1,088 B | 32 B |
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| ML-KEM-1024 | Level 5 | 1,568 B | 1,568 B | 32 B |
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**Operations:**
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- `KeyGen() -> (ek, dk)` -- Generate encapsulation/decapsulation key pair
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- `Encaps(ek) -> (K, c)` -- Encapsulate: produce shared secret K and ciphertext c
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- `Decaps(dk, c) -> K` -- Decapsulate: recover shared secret K from ciphertext
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**Python (mlkem library):**
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```python
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from mlkem.ml_kem import ML_KEM
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ml_kem = ML_KEM(768) # ML-KEM-768
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ek, dk = ml_kem.key_gen()
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shared_secret, ciphertext = ml_kem.encaps(ek)
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recovered_secret = ml_kem.decaps(dk, ciphertext)
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assert shared_secret == recovered_secret
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```
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**OpenSSL 3.5+ (native):**
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```bash
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# Generate ML-KEM-768 key pair
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openssl genpkey -algorithm mlkem768 -out mlkem768_key.pem
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# Display key details
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openssl pkey -in mlkem768_key.pem -text -noout
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# Extract public key
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openssl pkey -in mlkem768_key.pem -pubout -out mlkem768_pub.pem
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```
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### FIPS 204 -- ML-DSA (Module-Lattice-Based Digital Signature Algorithm)
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Formerly CRYSTALS-Dilithium. Primary standard for digital signatures.
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**Security Levels:**
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| Parameter Set | NIST Level | Public Key | Secret Key | Signature |
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|---------------|-----------|------------|------------|-----------|
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| ML-DSA-44 | Level 2 | 1,312 B | 2,560 B | 2,420 B |
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| ML-DSA-65 | Level 3 | 1,952 B | 4,032 B | 3,293 B |
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| ML-DSA-87 | Level 5 | 2,592 B | 4,896 B | 4,595 B |
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**Operations:**
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- `KeyGen() -> (pk, sk)` -- Generate signing/verification key pair
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- `Sign(sk, M) -> sigma` -- Sign message M with secret key
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- `Verify(pk, M, sigma) -> bool` -- Verify signature on message
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**OpenSSL 3.5+ (native):**
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```bash
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# Generate ML-DSA-65 key pair
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openssl genpkey -algorithm mldsa65 -out mldsa65_key.pem
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# Extract public key
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openssl pkey -in mldsa65_key.pem -pubout -out mldsa65_pub.pem
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# Sign a file
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openssl dgst -sign mldsa65_key.pem -out signature.bin message.txt
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# Verify signature
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openssl dgst -verify mldsa65_pub.pem -signature signature.bin message.txt
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```
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### FIPS 205 -- SLH-DSA (Stateless Hash-Based Digital Signature Algorithm)
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Formerly SPHINCS+. Backup signature standard using conservative hash-based approach.
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**Parameter Sets (SHA2 variants):**
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| Parameter Set | NIST Level | Public Key | Signature (fast) | Signature (small) |
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|---------------|-----------|------------|------------------|-------------------|
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| SLH-DSA-128 | Level 1 | 32 B | 17,088 B | 7,856 B |
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| SLH-DSA-192 | Level 3 | 48 B | 35,664 B | 16,224 B |
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| SLH-DSA-256 | Level 5 | 64 B | 49,856 B | 29,792 B |
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**Variants:** Each level has fast (f) and small (s) variants with SHA2 or SHAKE hash.
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## Hybrid TLS Configuration
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### X25519MLKEM768 Key Exchange
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The hybrid key exchange combines classical X25519 ECDH with ML-KEM-768 post-quantum
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KEM. Both must be broken for the handshake to be compromised.
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**Apache httpd:**
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```apache
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# httpd.conf or ssl.conf
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SSLEngine on
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SSLProtocol -all +TLSv1.2 +TLSv1.3
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SSLOpenSSLConfCmd Curves X25519MLKEM768:X25519:prime256v1
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SSLCertificateFile /etc/ssl/certs/server.crt
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SSLCertificateKeyFile /etc/ssl/private/server.key
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```
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**NGINX:**
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```nginx
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server {
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listen 443 ssl;
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ssl_protocols TLSv1.2 TLSv1.3;
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ssl_ecdh_curve X25519MLKEM768:X25519:prime256v1;
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ssl_prefer_server_ciphers on;
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ssl_certificate /etc/ssl/certs/server.crt;
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ssl_certificate_key /etc/ssl/private/server.key;
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}
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```
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**Verification:**
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```bash
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# Test hybrid TLS connection
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openssl s_client -connect server.example.com:443 -groups X25519MLKEM768
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# Verify negotiated group
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# Look for "Server Temp Key: X25519MLKEM768" in output
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```
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## oqs-provider for OpenSSL 3.0+
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### Installation
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```bash
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# Clone and build oqs-provider
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git clone https://github.com/open-quantum-safe/oqs-provider.git
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cd oqs-provider
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mkdir build && cd build
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cmake -DCMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX=/usr/local ..
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make -j$(nproc)
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sudo make install
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```
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### Configuration
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```ini
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# /etc/ssl/openssl-oqs.cnf
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openssl_conf = openssl_init
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[openssl_init]
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providers = provider_sect
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ssl_conf = ssl_sect
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[provider_sect]
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default = default_sect
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oqsprovider = oqsprovider_sect
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[default_sect]
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activate = 1
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[oqsprovider_sect]
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activate = 1
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module = /usr/lib/oqs-provider/oqsprovider.so
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[ssl_sect]
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system_default = system_default_sect
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[system_default_sect]
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Groups = x25519_mlkem768:X25519:P-256:P-384
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MinProtocol = TLSv1.2
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```
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### Usage
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```bash
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# Set environment variable
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export OPENSSL_CONF=/etc/ssl/openssl-oqs.cnf
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# List available PQC algorithms
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openssl list -kem-algorithms | grep -i ml
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openssl list -signature-algorithms | grep -i ml
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# Generate PQC key pair
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openssl genpkey -algorithm mlkem768 -out key.pem
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# Test hybrid TLS
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openssl s_client -connect server:443 -groups x25519_mlkem768
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```
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## Cryptographic Inventory Scanning
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### NIST SP 1800-38 Discovery Architecture
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```
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+------------------+ +------------------+ +------------------+
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| Source Code Scan | --> | | --> | Risk Assessment |
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+------------------+ | Central Analysis | +------------------+
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+------------------+ | Engine | |
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| Binary Analysis | -->| (Normalization | +------------------+
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+------------------+ | & Correlation) | | Migration |
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+------------------+ | | | Prioritization |
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| Network Traffic | -->| | +------------------+
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+------------------+ +------------------+
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+------------------+
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| Certificate Scan | -->
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+------------------+
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```
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### Discovery Domains
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| Domain | What to Scan | Tools |
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|--------|-------------|-------|
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| CI/CD Pipeline | Source code, build configs, dependencies | SCA tools, Semgrep |
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| Operational Systems | Running services, installed libraries, key stores | NIST SP 1800-38B tools |
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| Network Services | TLS endpoints, VPN configs, IPsec tunnels | This agent, sslyze, testssl |
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| Certificates | CA chains, code signing certs, TLS certificates | cert-manager, openssl |
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## Quantum-Vulnerable Algorithm Reference
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| Algorithm | NIST Status (IR 8547) | Quantum Threat | Replacement |
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|-----------|-----------------------|----------------|-------------|
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| RSA (all sizes) | Deprecated 2030, removed 2035 | Shor's algorithm | ML-KEM (encryption), ML-DSA (signing) |
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| ECDH / ECDHE | Deprecated 2030, removed 2035 | Shor's algorithm | ML-KEM / X25519MLKEM768 hybrid |
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| ECDSA | Deprecated 2030, removed 2035 | Shor's algorithm | ML-DSA |
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| DSA | Already deprecated | Shor's algorithm | ML-DSA |
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| DH / DHE | Deprecated 2030, removed 2035 | Shor's algorithm | ML-KEM |
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| AES-128 | Acceptable with caveat | Grover's halves to 64-bit | AES-256 |
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| AES-256 | Quantum-safe | Grover's reduces to 128-bit | No change needed |
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| SHA-256 | Quantum-safe | Grover's reduces to 128-bit | No change needed |
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| SHA-3 | Quantum-safe | Grover's reduces to 128-bit | No change needed |
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## MITRE ATT&CK Relevance
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| Technique | ID | PQC Relevance |
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|-----------|----|---------------|
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| Adversary-in-the-Middle | T1557 | Quantum computers can break key exchange in recorded sessions |
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| Encrypted Channel | T1573 | Harvest-now-decrypt-later targets encrypted C2 traffic |
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| Steal Application Access Token | T1528 | Quantum computers can forge digital signatures |
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| Forge Web Credentials | T1606 | Quantum computers can break certificate private keys |
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## References
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- NIST PQC Project: https://csrc.nist.gov/projects/post-quantum-cryptography
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- FIPS 203 Final: https://csrc.nist.gov/pubs/fips/203/final
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- FIPS 204 Final: https://csrc.nist.gov/pubs/fips/204/final
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- FIPS 205 Final: https://csrc.nist.gov/pubs/fips/205/final
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- NIST IR 8547 (Transition Timeline): https://csrc.nist.gov/pubs/ir/8547/ipd
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- NIST SP 1800-38 (Migration Guide): https://www.nccoe.nist.gov/crypto-agility-considerations-migrating-post-quantum-cryptographic-algorithms
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- CISA PQC Strategy: https://www.cisa.gov/sites/default/files/2024-09/Strategy-for-Migrating-to-Automated-PQC-Discovery-and-Inventory-Tools.pdf
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- Open Quantum Safe: https://openquantumsafe.org/
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- oqs-provider GitHub: https://github.com/open-quantum-safe/oqs-provider
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- OQS TLS Applications: https://openquantumsafe.org/applications/tls.html
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- IETF Hybrid Design Draft: https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/draft-ietf-tls-hybrid-design/
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- kyber-py (Python ML-KEM): https://github.com/GiacomoPope/kyber-py
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- ml-kem (Python FIPS 203): https://github.com/AntonKueltz/ml-kem
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- CycloneDX Crypto BOM: https://cyclonedx.org/use-cases/cryptographic-key/
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